Taxonomic Hierarchy

Sana Pasado <3

What did old-school Linneaus only consider in classification

Animals and plants body structure(anatomy)

Common ancestor(Related) but adapt DIFFERENT traits

Divergent Evolution

Different ancestors(Non related) but adapt SIMILAR traits

Convergent Evolution

Occurs when two species (related) evolve similar features while separated from each other

ex: Woolly Mammoth - Modern Elephant

Parallel Evolution

Who’s theory of evolution showed that animals share traits because they share an evolutionary history (ancestors)

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

What demonstrates how species can have common (homologous) anatomical structures which have evolved for different purposes

Divergent evolution

These serve as the separate points between organisms, just as taxon serve to separation of groups of organisms.

These are also used to construct a Cladogram

ex: lungs, vertebrae, hair, four legs, wings, etc..

Derived Characteristics

These are diagrams that show the evolutionary relationship between organisms.

These are also branching diagram(tree) that is assumed to be an estimate of a phylogeny where the branch lengths are of equal length

Cladograms

These are branching diagrams(tree) that are assumed to be an estimate of a phylogeny where the branch lengths are proportional to the amount of inferred evolutionary change

Phylograms

Where one of the nodes is stipulated to be the root, and thus the direction of ancestral relationships is determined

Rooted Tree

Has no pre-determined root and therefore induces no hierarchy.

This is used when an ancestor is not found yet.

Un-Rooted Tree

What is a group of organisms classified as a unit?

These are also known as descendants.

Taxons

Where do they diverge?

This represents a speciation event from a common ancestor.

Nodes

lineage in a cladogram/phylogram means what?

branches

This is the trunk at the base of a tree

It represents the most recent ancestor of all the taxa represented in the tree

Root

A group of taxa that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants

Clade