AP Psych 5.1,5.2,5.3.5.5

Health psychology

Study of how psychological factors affect physical health and illness

Stress

Body’s response to perceived challenges or threats

Hypertension

Chronically high blood pressure

Immune response

Body’s defense against infection

Stressors

Events or situations that cause stress

Eustress

Positive, motivating stress

Distress

Negative, harmful stress

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)

Traumatic childhood events affecting later health

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Three-stage stress response (alarm, resistance, exhaustion)

Alarm reaction phase

Initial fight-or-flight response

Resistance phase

Body adapts to ongoing stress

Exhaustion phase

Resources depleted, leading to burnout

Fight-flight-freeze response

Automatic response to danger

Tend-and-befriend theory

Seeking social support during stress

Problem-focused coping

Addressing the cause of stress

Emotion-focused coping

Managing emotional reactions

Positive psychology

Study of strengths and well-being

Well-being

Overall happiness and health

Resilience

Ability to recover from adversity

Positive emotions

Feelings like joy and gratitude

Gratitude

Appreciation for what one has

Positive subjective experiences

Personal feelings of happiness

Subjective well-being

Self-perceived life satisfaction

Character strengths

Positive personality traits

Virtues

Core moral qualities

Positive objective experiences

Observable positive life conditions

Happiness

State of well-being and contentment

Mindfulness

Awareness of the present moment

Categories of virtues

Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, transcendence

Posttraumatic growth

Positive change after trauma

Dysfunction

Impaired functioning

Distress

Emotional suffering

Deviation from social norm

Behavior that differs from expectations

Cultural/societal norms

Shared rules of a group

Stigma

Negative attitudes toward mental illness

Racism

Discrimination based on race

Sexism

Discrimination based on gender

Ageism

Discrimination based on age

Discrimination

Unfair treatment of individuals

DSM

Manual used to diagnose mental disorders

ICD

Global classification system for diseases

Eclectic approach

Using multiple perspectives

Behavioral perspective

Focus on learned behaviors

Maladaptive learned associations

Harmful learned behaviors

Psychodynamic perspective

Focus on unconscious conflicts

Humanistic perspective

Focus on personal growth

Cognitive perspective

Focus on thoughts and beliefs

Evolutionary perspective

Behavior explained by survival

Sociocultural perspective

Influence of society and culture

Biological perspective

Focus on brain and genetics

Biopsychosocial perspective

Combination of biological, psychological, social factors

Diathesis-stress model

Predisposition + stress leads to disorder

Deinstitutionalization

Moving patients out of institutions

Evidence-based interventions

Treatments supported by research

Cultural humility

Respect for cultural differences

Therapeutic alliance

Trust between therapist and client

Nonmaleficence

Do no harm

Fidelity

Being trustworthy

Integrity

Honesty and accuracy

Respect for people’s rights and dignity

Valuing autonomy and diversity

Psychodynamic therapy

Focus on unconscious conflicts

Free association

Saying thoughts freely

Dream interpretation

Analyzing dreams for meaning

Cognitive therapy

Changing negative thoughts

Cognitive restructuring

Replacing distorted thoughts

Cognitive triad

Negative views of self, world, future

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

Using reinforcement to change behavior

Exposure therapies

Facing fears gradually

Systematic desensitization

Relaxation + gradual exposure

Aversion therapy

Pairing behavior with discomfort

Token economy

Reward system using tokens

Biofeedback

Controlling bodily responses

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

Combines cognitive and behavioral methods

Behavioral therapy

Focus on changing behaviors

Biomedical therapy

Medical treatments for disorders

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

CBT + emotional regulation

Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

Challenging irrational beliefs

Humanistic therapy

Focus on personal growth

Person-centered therapy

Client-directed therapy

Active listening

Fully focusing and responding

Unconditional positive regard

Accepting without judgment

Group therapy

Therapy with multiple people

Hypnosis

Altered state of awareness

Psychoactive drugs

Drugs affecting mood and behavior

Antidepressants

Treat depression

Antianxiety drugs

Reduce anxiety

Lithium

Mood stabilizer

Antipsychotic drugs

Treat psychosis

Tardive dyskinesia

Movement disorder from antipsychotics

Psychosurgery

Brain surgery for mental disorders

Lesioning

Destroying brain tissue

TMS

Magnetic brain stimulation

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Controlled electric shock treatment

Lobotomy

Outdated brain surgery