Exam 2 BQs

Crus cerebri

contains the corticospinal tracts

Substantia nigra

associated clinically with Parkinson’s disease

Cerebral aqueduct

connects 3rd and 4th ventricles

Infundibulum of the brain

holds up the pituitary gland

Choroid plexus

Manufactures cerebrospinal fluid

Precentral gyrus

primary motor cortex is here

Septal nuclei

one of the “pleasure centers” affected by addictive drugs

Hippocampus

functions in memory and understanding spatial relationships

corona radiata

radiating crown

P P R, R P R

. Epidural Subdural Subarachnoid

Cranial

Spinal

Cervical spinal nerves

C-1 to C-8

Thoracic spinal nerves

T-1 to T-2

Lumbar spinal nerves

L-1 to L-5

Sacral spinal nerves

S-1 to S-5

Coccygeal spinal nerves

Co-1

Cauda equina

Horse’s tail

Filum terminale

attaches the tip of the conus medullaris to the coccyx

Spinal subarachnoid space

The subarachnoid space around the cauda equina is where the clinical procedure called lumbar puncture is done

Choroid plexus

CSF is made here

Lateral ventricles

1.

Interventricular foramina

2.

Third ventricle

3.

Cerebral aqueduct

4.

Fourth ventricle

5.

Central canal of spinal cord

6.

Median and lateral apertures

7.

Subarachnoid space

8.

Arachnoid granulations

return CSF

Arachnoid villi

reabsorbs CSF into blood

Olfactory nerve

there are about 20 olfactory nerves

Vestibular nerve

transmits information concerning equilibrium and motion

Cochlear nerve

transmits information concerning hearing

C-3, C-4, and C-5

keep the diaphragm alive

Musculocutaneous nerve

supplies biceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis

Ulnar nerve

is the funny bone

Median nerve

Supplies muscles of the anterior forearm

Superior gluteal nerve

supplies gluteus medius and minimus

Inferior gluteal nerve

supplies gluteus maximus

Sciatic nerve

largest nerve in the body

PreG neurons of the Ans

the cell bodies are in gray matter within the central nervous system

PostG neurons of the Ans

the cell bodies are in autonomic ganglia

PreG neurons of the parasympathetic part of the Ans

cell bodies are in gray matter nuclei in the brainstem and in the intermediate gray columns in spinal cord segments S-2, S-3, and S-4

PostG neurons

these are paired

PreG neurons of the sympathetic division of the Ans

cell bodies are in the intermediate gray column in spinal cord segments T-1 to L-2

postG neurons of the sympathetic divisions of the Ans

cell bodies are in sympathetic ganglia

Cervical ganglia

usually 3 or 4

Thoracic ganglia

usually 12

Lumbar ganglia

usually 4

sacral ganglia

usually 4..

Fovea centralis

area of sharpest vision

Optic disc

blind spot

cornea → aqueous humor → lens → vitreous body

What is the path of light?

tympanic membrane

the eardrum —> sound waves cause it to move

round window

covered by the secondary tympanic membrane

Malleus bone → Incus bone → Stapes bone

what 3 bones make up auditory ossicles?

Bony labyrinth

filled with a fluid called perilymph

Membranous labyrinth

filled with fluid called endolymph

Semicircular ducts

within the semicircular canals

CN III —> ciliary ganglion —> smooth muscle in eye —> constrict pupil

CN III flow

CN VII -> Pterygopalatine ganglion -> lacrimal gland -> increase tear production / CN VII -> sublingual ganglion -> submandibular gland -> increase salivation

CN VII flow (2 routes)

CN IX -> otic ganglion -> parotid gland -> increase salivation

CN IX flow

CN X -> Intramural ganglion -> cardiac muscle -> decrease heart rate / CN X -> intramural ganglion -> smooth muscle in digestive tract -> decrease blood flow

CN X flow (2 routes)

Sacral spinal cord -> intramural ganglion -> smooth muscle in pelvic organs -> increase urine excretion

sacral spinal cord flow

Upper thoracic spinal cord -> superior cervical ganglion -> smooth muscle in eye -> dilate pupil / Upper thoracic spinal cord -> upper thoracic chain ganglion -> cardiac muscle -> increase heart rate

upper thoracic spinal cord flow (2 routes)

Lower thoracic spinal cord —> celiac ganglion —> smooth muscle in stomach or intestines —> decrease blood flow

lower thoracic spinal cord flow