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Review for the units language and the self and language change over time
The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life
Erving Goffman’s work analyzing mundane interaction processes and meanings.
Dramaturgical Approach
A perspective that views social interactions as performances shaped by environment and audience.
Front (in Goffman's theory)
The part of an individual's performance that consistently defines the situation for observers.
Face (in sociolinguistics)
Self-image; attempts to maintain status and self-esteem during interactions.
Politeness Theory
Brown and Levinson’s theory that categorizes interactions through positive and negative face.
Face Threatening Acts (FTAs)
Actions that challenge a person’s self-image or face during communication.
Hedges
Words and phrases that soften a statement to reduce the force of an utterance.
Assertiveness
Directness and clarity in communication, often contrasting with politeness strategies.
Sociolinguistics
The study of language in relation to social factors and variances.
Cooperative Principle
Grice's concept that speakers should contribute meaningfully to conversations.
Grice’s Maxims
Principles of conversation that include quantity, quality, relevance, and manner.
Language of Thought Hypothesis (LOTH)
The theory suggesting that thoughts have a linguistic structure affecting language use.
Nativism
Chomsky's theory that children are born with an innate ability for language acquisition.
Empiricist Theory
The view that language is learned through experience and interaction, emphasizing imitation.
Egocentric Speech
Speech centered around oneself without regard for others, relevant in linguistic studies.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
The theory stating that language influences thought and perception of the world.
Weak version of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Linguistic relativity; structure of a language affects understanding but does not limit it.
Strong version of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Linguistic determinism; the idea that language limits and determines how we think.
Diachronic Variation
Differences in language use over time.
Synchronic Variation
Differences in language use at a single point in time.
Lexis (in sociolinguistics)
The vocabulary of a language and its various usages.
Functional Theory
Halliday's theory that language change is prompted by social and economic needs.
Cultural Transmission Theory
The concept that language is acquired through social interaction and imitation.
Random Fluctuation Theory
Hockett's suggestion that language change is random, influenced by uneven spoken language use.
Substratum Theory
The theory linking language change to the influence of different varieties of a language.
Theory of Lexical Gaps
Halliday's idea that new words emerge to fill gaps in the existing lexicon.
The Wave Model of Language Change
A model suggesting that language changes spread in waves from a center of innovation.
The Tree Model of Language Change
A model depicting languages branching out from a common protolanguage.
Progress or Decay debate
The discussion on whether language change signifies advancement or deterioration.
The Unfolding of Language
Deutscher’s concept of language change driven by the need for order and expressiveness.
The Unfolding of Language
Deutscher
Substratum Theory
Labov
Wave Model
Schmidt
Functional Theory and Theory of Lexical Gaps
Halliday
Cultural Transmission Theory
Hartl and Clark
Random Fluctuation Theory
Hockett
S-Curve Model
Chen
Tree Model
Schleicer
Semantic narrowing
a linguistic phenomenon where a word's meaning becomes more specific over time, losing some of its broader meanings.
Semantic broadening
a linguistic phenomenon where a word's meaning becomes more general over time, gaining additional meanings.
Semantic amelioration
a process in which a word develops a more positive meaning over time
Semantic pejoration
a process in which a word develops a more negative meaning over time.
Corpus
a collection of written or spoken texts used for linguistic analysis, often utilized in language research to study patterns and usage.
Corpus linguistics
the study of corpus
Quantitative language data
data which can be counted
Collocation
the number of times a particular word or combination of words occurs in a text or a corpus of texts
N-gram graphs
represent changes in language use over time - such as comparisons of related words, parts of speech, inflections, collocations
word tables
derived from corpus data such as collocate lists and synonym lists
antonyms
a word opposite in meaning to another
archaisms
when words are no longer used that way; old-fashioned
orthography
the study of how people spell words
hyphenation
when a word is hyphenated to show it's origins; tends to be lost, gradually or suddenly
coined
process of compounding
Collocates
when two words usually appear together in speaking or writing
Note 
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