Antibiotics

Aminoglycosides

Antibiotics effective against gram-negative aerobic bacilli, Staphylococci, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Aminoglycosides Pharmacokinetics

Administered via IM or IV, rapid onset, 30-90 mins peak, 2-3 hours half-life, liver metabolism, kidney/urine excretion.

Aminoglycosides Adverse Effects

Ototoxicity, renal failure, bone marrow depression, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hepatotoxicity, CNS effects.

Carbapenems

Antibiotics effective against resistant gram-positive and negative bacteria like S. pneumoniae, E. coli, P. aeruginosa.

Carbapenems Pharmacokinetics

IM or IV route, rapid onset, 30-120 mins peak, 4 hours half-life, kidney/urine excretion.

Carbapenems Adverse Effects

Superinfections, pseudomembranous colitis, GI disturbances, headache, dizziness.

Cephalosporins

Antibiotics used for various infections when other options are limited, including bone, ear, skin, and UTIs.

Cephalosporins Pharmacokinetics

Oral, IM, IV route, 30-60 mins peak, 8-10 hours duration, kidney/urine excretion.

Cephalosporins Adverse Effects

Superinfections, phlebitis, GI disturbances, headache, dizziness, lethargy.

Fluoroquinolones

Broad-spectrum antibiotics for infections like bronchitis, UTIs, anthrax, with brands like Avelox, Cipro, Levaquin.

Fluoroquinolones Pharmacokinetics

Oral and IV route, 3.5-4 hours half-life, liver metabolism, liver/bile, kidney/urine excretion.

Fluoroquinolones Adverse Effects

Photosensitivity, GI disturbances, headache, dizziness, bone marrow depression.

Penicillin & Penicillinase-Resistant Antibiotics

Used for dental abscesses, pneumonia, UTIs, with types like aminopenicillins, anti-pseudomonal penicillin.

Penicillin Adverse Effects

Superinfections, injection site pain, GI disturbances, hypersensitivity reactions like rash and anaphylaxis.

Sulfonamides

Inhibit folic acid synthesis, used for infections caused by C. trachomatis, H. influenzae, E. coli, and STDs.

Sulfonamides Pharmacokinetics

Oral route, rapid onset, 1-4 hours peak, 8-10 hours half-life, kidney/urine excretion.

Sulfonamides Adverse Effects

Photosensitivity, GI disturbances, urinary issues, CNS effects, bone marrow depression.

Tetracyclines

Broad-spectrum antibiotics for Lyme disease, acne, STDs, with brands like Declomycin, Doxycycline, Tetracycline.

Tetracyclines Pharmacokinetics

Oral route, 6-12 hours half-life, kidney/urine excretion.

Tetracyclines Adverse Effects

Superinfections, photosensitivity, GI disturbances, bone and teeth damage in children under 8.

Glossitis

Inflammation of the tongue, causing it to swell and change color or shape.

Dysphagia

Difficulty or discomfort in swallowing food or liquid, often due to an underlying medical condition.

Fatal Hepatotoxicity

Severe liver damage that can lead to death if not treated promptly.

Skeletal System

The framework of bones and teeth in the body that provides structure, support, and protection.

Weakening Bone Structure

Loss of bone density leading to fragile bones, characterized by staining and/or pitting in bones and teeth.

Immune/Hematologic System

The body's defense system against infections and diseases, including the blood and blood-forming organs like bone marrow.

Bone Marrow Depression

Reduction in the production of blood cells in the bone marrow, leading to decreased levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Hemolytic Anemia

A condition where red blood cells break down or die faster than the body can replace them, resulting in a shortage of healthy red blood cells.