AP World History - Unit 3: Land-Based Empires

Sir Isaac Newton

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English physicist and mathematician

* Developed the laws of motion and universal gravitation
* Made significant contributions to calculus and optics.

Europe in 1300s

Europe had been Christian for over a thousand years - As countries began to unify, countries who had preserved their history influenced Europe to expand its worldview

The Renaissance in Europe

As trade increased, people moved to the cities and an influx of money was experienced - a lot of money went to studying the past leading to the Renaissance

Humanism

focus on personal accomplishment, happiness, and life on earth instead of living for the goal of salvation

Printing Press

invented by Johannes Gutenberg in mid 1400s

* made books easy to produce and affordable, and accessible to everyone
* led to more literate people

Protestant Reformation

Catholic Church was an undisputed authority in Europe - exploited nobles and peasants, who were getting increasingly frustrated and noticed its corrupt nature

Indulgences

Paper the faithful could purchase to reduce time in purgatory

* Way the church exploited its members

Martin Luther

German monk who published his list of complaints against the church

* most significantly proposed salvation was given directly through God, not through the church, which significantly reduced the church’s influence
* caused a split in Christianity

Lutherans

Luther’s followers - separated from Catholic Church

Calvinism (John Calvin)

predestination - only a few people would be saved by God,

* great influence in Scotland and France

Jesuits (Ignatius Loyola)

prayer and good works leads to salvation

Catholic Reformation (16th Century)

Catholic church attempts to remedy some of their controversies and regains some of its credibility

* still wanted authority and control
* led to Council of Trent - right back to the beginning

Council of Trent

Reinstated pope authority, punished heretics, reestablished Latin as only language in worship

Scientific Revolution

Expanded education and knowledge led to world discoveries and different views on the organization of the world

Copernican Revolution

Nicolaus Copernicus - discovered earth and other celestial bodies revolved around the sun and the earth rotated on its axis

Galileo

built off Copernicus’s theories and proved them

* forced to recant by the Catholic Church and put under house arrest

Scientific Method

shift from reasoning being most reliable means of scientific meaning to scientific method (theory, documentation, repetition, experimenting)

Tycho Brahe

Danish astronomer who made astronomical observations and compiled a comprehensive star catalog - also known for his contributions to the understanding of planetary motion and the development of the Tychonic system, a hybrid model of the solar system.

Francis Bacon

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Developed the scientific method, advocated for empirical observation and experimentation

* Wrote influential works such as Novum Organum and The New Atlantis
* Believed in the importance of knowledge for practical purposes and the benefit of society.

Johannes Kepler

German astronomer and mathematician who discovered the three laws of planetary motion, helping to revolutionize our understanding of the universe - also made significant contributions to the development of calculus and optics

What did Scientific Revolution lead to?

* Industrial Revolution
* Many rejecting the church - atheists (believe no god exists), deists (believe God exists, but is passive)

Spain

Became very powerful, supporting exploration, expansion of Spanish language and culture, and having a large naval fleet

* controlled parts of France, the Netherlands, Austria, Germany, Spain, America
* Spanish Inquisition: mission to oust heretics
* Dutch Protestants under Spain revolted to form independent the Netherlands

Portugal

Focused on dominating costal Africa, Indian Ocean, Spice Islands - lost control to Dutch and British

Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)

England experienced expansion, exploration, colonization in New World - golden age

Muscovy Company

first joint-stock company - became **British East India Company**

James I

succeeded Elizabeth in 1607

* England and Scotland under one rulership
* reforms to accommodate Catholics and Puritans failed

Charles I

succeeded James in 1625

* forced to sign **Petition of Rights** (limiting taxes and forbidding unlawful imprisonment) - ignored it for the next 11 years
* Scottish invaded England out of resentment for Charles in 1640 - called the **Long Parliament** into session (sat for 20 years), which limited the powers of the monarchy
* Parliament fought against James and executed him - began the English Commonwealth

Oliver Cromwell

succeeded James I and became the first Lord Protector

* intolerant of religion, violent against Catholics and Irish - highly resented

Charles II

exiled son of Charles I invited by Parliament to reclaim the throne as a limited monarchy after Cromwell died (**Stuart Restoration**)

* Agreed to **Habeas Corpus Act**

Habeas Corpus Act

prevents people from arrests without due process

James II

Succeeded Charles II after his death

* Highly disliked, fear he would make England a Catholic county
* driven from power by Parliament (**Glorious Revolution**)

English Bill of Rights (1689)

Signed by James II’s daughter Mary, who succeeded him

)Hundred Year’s War in France (1337-1453(

Unified and centralized France under a strong monarchy

Religion in France

Largely Catholic, but French Protestants started to emerge (**Huguenots**) and fought with the Catholics

Henry IV of France

issued **Edict of Nantes** (1598) (environment of tolerance between religions)

* first of Bourbon kings who ruled until 1792

Cardinal Richelieu of France

Chief advisor to the Bourbons who compromised with Protestants instead of fighting with them

* Created the bureaucratic class noblesse de la robe, succeeded by **Cardinal Mazarin**

Louis XIV of France

reigned from 1642-1715

* highly self-important and grandiose, condemned many Huguenots, never summoned the French lawmakers
* appointed **Jean Baptiste Colbert** to manage royal funds - France almost constantly at war to increase empire

War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)

Louis XIV’s grandson was to inherit the Spanish throne, so England, Roman Empire, and German princes united to prevent France and Spain from combining

Holy Roman Empire

was in present day Austria/Germany - weak due to the mixed dynamics, rulership, and religion of the surrounding area

* Lost parts of Hungary to Ottoman Turks in early 16th century
* Devastated by Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)
* German states were gaining power by 18th century

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

intended to bring end to conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in German states

Thirty Years’ War

began when protestants in Bohemia challenged Catholics - violent and destructive

* **Peace of Westphalia** (1648): German states affirmed to keep the peace

Russia Reclaimed from Mongols

Russian leaders were overthrowing reigning Mongols in late 15th century

* **Ivan III** refused to pay tribute to Mongols and declared them free from their rule

Ivan IV of Russia (Ivan the Terrible)

Strong leader feared by many - executing people who were threats to his power

* Died without a heir leading to Time of Toubles

Time of Troubles (1604 to 1613)

Killing those who tried to rise to the throne since there was vo viable heir after Ivan IV

* Michael Romanov eventually elected

Romanov Family

Ruled Russia from 1600s to 1917

* consolidated power and ruled ruthlessly

Peter the Great of Russia

ruled from 1682-1725 - redesigned and adapted Russia in to westernized fashion

Catherine the Great

ruled from 1762-1796 - focused on education and Western culture

* serf conditions were of no importance to her

Ottoman Empire

precedes 1450 - founded by **Osman Bey** as the Mongol Empire fell

* invaded Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire
* Islamic and solidified rule over territory from Greece to Persia to around Mediterranean into Egypt and northern Africa by giving land (**timars**) to Ottoman aristocrats to control
* enslaved Christian children and turned them into warriors called Janissaries

Selim I of Ottoman Empire

came into power in 1512

* led much of the empire growth, made Istanbul centre of Islamic civilization

Suleiman I of Ottoman Empire

succeeded Selim I in 1520

* build Ottoman military and arts - golden age from 1520-1566


* Took over parts of Hungary, but could not successfully take over Vienna

Babur

Mongol leader who invaded northern India in 1526 - **Mughal Empire** (dominated for next 300 years)

Akbar of Mughal Empire

succeeded Babur from 1556 to 1605

* united India further with religious toleration, did give Muslim landowners (**zamindars**) power to tax

Shah Jahan of Mughal Empire

Ruled so Hindus and Muslims lived side by side in a golden age of art and thought - the **Taj Mahal** was built

Aurangzeb of Mughal Empire

Emperor who ended religious toleration and waged wars to conquer rest of India - Hindus were persecuted

Songhai Kingdom of Africa

* Islamic state
* Sunni Ali: ruler 1464-1493
* navy, central administration, financed Timbuktu - fell to Moroccans

Asanti Empire of Africa

arose in 1670 - avoided invasion and expanded its territory

Kongo Kingdom of Africa

* King Alfonso I: Catholic, and converted h is people
* Mostly destroyed by previous allies Portugal

Angola Kingdom of Africa

* Established by Portuguese around 1575 for the slave trade
* **Queen Nzinga** resisted Portuguese attempts to further their control for 40 years

Ming Dynasty

After China kicked Mongols out in 1368, Ming Dynasty was restored until 1644

* Economy started failing due to silver currency inflation, famines in 17th century, peasant revolts
* **Qing** warriors were invited to help Ming Emperor but instead ousted him in 1644

Qing/Manchus of China

Ruled until 1911

* Not ethnically Chinese so had to affirm legitimacy - displayed imperial portraits with Chinese historical items
* Did not interact a lot with surrounding nations, protected their culture

Kangxi of China

Ruled from 1661 to 1722 and conquered Taiwan, Mongolia, central Asia, Tibet

Qianlong of China

Ruled from 1735 to 1796 and conquered Vietnam, Burma, Nepal

Japan

Shoguns ruled Japan in 16th century, but Christian missionaries came in and Jesuits took control of Nagasaki - westernization

Tokugawa Ieyasu of China

established Tokugawa Shogunate (**Edo period**) from 1600 to 1868

* Strict government that instituted a rigid social class model
* Moved capital of Japan to Edo (modern-day Tokyo)
* National Seclusion Policy
* Culture thrived

National Seclusion Policy (1635) in Japan

Prohibited Japanese from traveling abroad and prohibited most foreigners to protect culture