Introduction to Psychology Ch.1 Test

Psychology

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Wilhelm Wundt

Credited as the “father of modern psychology.”

Sigmund Freud

Proposed the theory of the unconscious mind, including the id, ego, and superego model.

Psychodynamic perspective

Focuses on the unconscious mind and childhood experiences, influenced by Sigmund Freud.

Behavioral perspective

Focuses on observable behaviors, influenced by John B. Watson.

Humanistic perspective

Emphasizes positive growth, free will, and self-actualization, influenced by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.

Cognitive perspective

Focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information.

Sociocultural perspective

Examines how culture and social roles affect behavior.

Biological perspective

Investigates how the physical body and brain create emotions, memories, and sensory experiences.

Evolutionary perspective

Focuses on Darwinism and inherited behavioral traits for survival.

Basic research

Seeks answers for theoretical questions.

Applied research

Seeks answers for specific application problems.

Scientific method

A systematic approach used by psychologists to conduct research and experiments.

Observer bias

The tendency of observers to see what they expect to see.

Participant bias

When a participant alters their behavior due to awareness of the study's nature.

Double Blind Experiment

An experimental design that reduces both observer and participant bias.

Experimental group

The group in a study that receives the independent variable.

Independent variable

The factor that is changed or manipulated by researchers.

Dependent variable

The factor that is measured to assess the effect of the independent variable.

Placebo effect

A treatment with no real effect that causes the patient to believe they are experiencing real effects.

Case study

An in-depth study of one person or a very small group.

Advantages of case study

Provides an in-depth view of a particular person or situation.

Disadvantages of case study

Prone to bias; results may not be generalizable.

Longitudinal study

Follows the same group of individuals over a long period of time.

Advantages of longitudinal study

Provides a rich source of data.

Disadvantages of longitudinal study

Very expensive and difficult to conduct.

Naturalistic observation

Observes behavior in a natural environment.

Advantages of naturalistic observation

Offers a realistic look at behavior.

Disadvantages of naturalistic observation

Very expensive and difficult to conduct.

Survey

A method where researchers ask questions to a representative population.

Cross-sectional study

Compares individuals of different age groups at the same time.

Ethical guidelines

Suggested rules for responsible and moral conduct in research and clinical practice.

Debriefing

The process of sharing information about the research with participants after data collection.

Stanford Prison Experiment

Conducted by Philip Zimbardo to study the psychological effects of perceived power.

William James

father of American psychology

Jean Piaget

Swiss psychologist , cognitive development

Maslow

hierarchy of needs

Carl Jung

humanistic psychologist

Albert Bandura

social learning theory imitation modeling