01 Europe in the 20th Century

19th century Europe created

empires covering most of the planet

controlled almost all of africa (besides Liberia ethopia) africa controlled by colonies

europes control was product of

industrial rev

1901 queen victoria lived thru 19th century

The death of Queen Victoria in 1901 symbolized the end of this era. of European dominance

showed how rpyals were related to eachother (thought war wouldnt be likely)

war was divided by

civlized and non civilized war

• Europe, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand. (west)

• Japan was viewed as the only non-Western nation considered 'civilized.'

• Civilization was widely equated with Westernization.

industrial rev- gave means to create empires…

e.g Railroads and steamships enabled rapid movement of goods and troops.

Machine guns provided overwhelming military superiority.

Telegraphs allowed faster communication and imperial control. (tranformed ways empires could run by knowing whats up in their colony)

two ways eurpoeans colonized world

-industrial rev

-mahcine gun (gave europeans power to conquer)

why build empires

• Access to raw materials.

• New markets for manufactured goods.

why wasnt japan civilized by europeans?

japan defeated russia in war

first thing british do after conquering country is

build a railroad for solgers

europeans could take control because of

stonger army and telegraph

malaria

tropical diease quinene helped-tonic water

why did europeans decide to concquer the world

reasoucres and neded new raw material needed this bc of insudtrial revolution-iron coal, rubber

rubber in tropical trees

also needed more consumers- can only buy products from whoever colonized that area if you live in that area

social dawarnism

-why workers got paid so little

-”survival of the fittest”

people adapted this way w human races, justdified racism-killling them is just nature

theory that justified the holocuast and www1 ww2

• Used to legitimize conquest and imperial domination.

• The belief that societies compete like biological species.

scramble of africa

Between 1875 and 1895, European powers rapidly expanded across Africa.

By 1914, most of Africa was colonized.

europeans were scared to be left behind so induence quickly

Only Liberia and Ethiopia remained independent.- liberia u.s created for africans to go back to

ethopia was able to defeat italy

how were life for people who were colonized

not good-king lepord II of belgium trated the colonized horrible, repsonsibe for 6 mil deaths of congo-cut hands off of children not enough rubber

• Colonized peoples held second-class status.

• King Leopold II’s rule in the Congo exemplified extreme exploitation.

• Widespread violence and forced labor accompanied imperial rule.

alfred thayer manhan

influenced on most countries- convinced counties to build up their navys- influenced germany and japan created armsrance

book that showed imporantance of sea powe “if you want to be great nation must have strong navy” since navy protects ships that send raw materials and transportations

• emphasized the importance of sea power (1890).

• Naval strength seen as key to national greatness.

imperalism and ww1

• Global empires meant that war would be global in scope.

• Imperial rivalries intensified international tensions.

• Imperialism helped set the stage for World War I.

europe before ww1

• Europe on the Eve of Crisis (c. 1900–1914)

• Industrial power, imperial competition, and political instability defined Europe before 1914.

• europe unstable before war

Great powers

• Official Great Powers:

• • Great Britain

• • France

• • Germany

• • Austria-Hungary

• • Russia

• • Italy

• In reality, only Britain, France, and Germany possessed full industrial, military, and global power. (have navys control trade routes)

Austria-Hungary

• Ruled by Emperor Franz Joseph (r. 1848–1916).

• A dual monarchy with:

• • One emperor

• • Two crowns and parliaments (limited influence on wars)

• War, foreign policy, and finances were shared. (powers of empoerer)

• Politically committed to monarchy and aristocracy in an age moving toward democracy.

problem w aursitrina hungary

many diff nationalities under control e.g serbs

all had own language (10 official) and 4 religions

nationalism biggest ideology of time-ever nation should have own empire

Austrina Hungary Forign Policy

• Expansion into the Balkans at Ottoman expense (balkans controlled by ottoman)-islamic empire-muslim

• Prevent Russian expansion

• Suppress Slavic nationalism, especially Serbian nationalism.

ottoman empire

not all muslium if you wenrt muslium yu had to pay an expense

sick man of europe-felling apart

ww1 started bc alot of countries wanted to take advantage of ottoman

empire weakness was product of nationalism

comp w russia and austrian of who could control ottoman

austrina hungary goals

suppress slaves (russian) nationalism espeically servrian nationalism-since if slvaic nationlaims has own country alot of asytrian hungary mpire will be lost

russia: an agraian empire

• Vast land-based empire ruled by Tsar Nicholas II of the Romanov dynasty.

• • Autocratic government (power doesnt share power w anyone else, eveyrhting decieded by one person)

• • Backward, agrarian economy

• • Tsar determined to preserve absolute rule

• • Weak leadership and easily influenced. (Rasputin)

• absolte monarchy (total control)

russia empire

lg empire in human history-controlled mills of people and sybria (expanded b hunting for fur)

didnt have acess to ocean so cold -only acess to water for ships was Black Sea(Ukraine) need acess for navy

communist rev in Russia-entire family excuted nicolous II

Russia crisid snd rev

• Early 20th century unrest: (not industrilized yet)

• • Worker strikes (not paid enough)

• • Peasant revolts (not feeding family)

• • Political terrorism artionish want to gov-japan attacked russia from east during this

• 1904–1905 war with Japan resulted in humiliating defeat.

• Bloody Sunday (1905): troops fired on peaceful demonstrators. (women) fired bc afriad it would lead to fall of russina empire

• Creation of the Duma (russian parilement) followed. created to make people happy its what tsar gifted-sounded like russian empire was willling to share power

salvery ended w

industrilal rev -slaves wernt necessary to become rich since there were factories

industrial rev imporant for

armys, militrairies, machaine guns,

need middle class for insurtailization (have capital aka money buy stuff you make)

russia and Japanese

(1904-1905)

wanted machuria of china (china sick man bc of opioids) japense won defeated russia navy (russia had giid nevy but took forever for them to travel) european defeated european japan is industilized modern navy and army (gave railroad in machuria to japan-russians built it)

ppeople went happy w russian tsar

russia after 1905

people wenrt happy w russia tsar, failed as sbolute ruler-death only possible scenerio

• The Tsar quickly limited reforms:

• • Reduced Duma’s authority

• • Restricted voting rights

• Revolutionary groups suppressed. (crashed rebel movements)

• 1906–1911 land reforms allowed private land ownership. (give some land to those who worked on it) goal: pasents would turn conservative (someoen who owns land/house tends to be more ocnservative since they wouldnt want that land taken away)

• problem: most land for sale was common land- wanst good for peasents since they lost were they got wood)

• Structural problems persisted: low productivity and overpopulation.

germany

now #1 undustrlized in europe (back then in comp w G.B)

#1 ecnomic power not including G.B (produced twice the ampunt of stell then G.B

start new industlized rev based on electrical/chemical technologies e.g electricity change factories- electric enginge instead of steam

chemical weapons, med, gas produced by germans e.g car

indutry relied heavily on export (need to protect ships if exporting goods) so germany built lg. merchant machine 1st then a navy

Italian and germnay unification

prussia created germany-Bismark prime minister of Prussia

Germany became a country in versallie

positive intergration (U.S france-as long as you accept french ur france) sharing values—Negitive- German-have to be german blood

germany leader in

science and education

1st country to create the welfare state (support given to families that need it)

end of 19th century had—health insurance, old page pensions (took power away from socialists) and unemployment benfits

socialist wanted to naje kife for workers better peacefully thise wgi wabnted to do it w rev. were communits

welfare helped since they were getting what they were wanted—created out of fear

germany is not a liberal democracy…

germany was a faek democracy reichestag (german congress) elected but wechancellor (head of reichstag) responsible to the kaiser not parliment does only what the king wants

prussia controlled germany

kaiser wilhem yhe 2nd almost like an sbolute king-wanted place in the sun (big, powerful, imporant) wanted colonies in tropical area of africa and asia-needed rubber for electricity

germany wanted colonies in tropical areas which

made bristian and france nervous since they have colonies in africa and africa is running out of sports for germany

• Powerful interest groups included:

• • Industrialists

• • Junkers (nobilty, land owners)

• • Military leadership

• Strong Catholic and Socialist parties, but unwilling to cooperate.

• coulve stopped and she down gov. sinc ethey had most views but didnt

France: Economy and Politics

• Industrialized nation but lagging behind Germany, Britain, and the United States.

• Economy dominated by:

• • Small farms

• • Small businesses

• Highly democratic but politically unstable:

• • Numerous small parties

• • 43 governments in 24 years.

France: The Dreyfus Affair

• Captain Alfred Dreyfus was falsely accused of treason in 1894.

• Convicted and imprisoned, later exonerated in 1906.

• The affair divided France:

• • Republicans vs. conservatives

• • Liberals vs. anti-Semites

• • Civilian authority vs. military and Church.

France before 1914

• Radical Republicans governed between 1906 and 1911.

• The period saw:

• • Worker strikes

• • Pressure from the socialist left

• • Pressure from conservative and monarchist forces.

Great Britain: Global Power

• Largest empire and most powerful navy in the world.

• London was the center of global finance and trade.

• Economic growth, however, was falling behind Germany.

Great Britain: Political Reform and Crisis

• Two-party political system.

• Gradual democratic reforms since 1832.

• By 1884, nearly universal male suffrage.

• Liberal reforms after 1906:

• • Welfare measures

• • Reduced power of House of Lords

• • Strengthened House of Commons.

Great Britain on the Eve of War

• Growing instability by 1914:

• • Labor unrest and strikes

• • Radical trade unions

• • Irish Home Rule crisis

• • Suffragette movement

• Contemporaries spoke of “domestic anarchy.”

Class Structure in Europe

• Upper class:

• • Landed aristocracy

• • Wealthy industrialists

• Working class:

• • Improved living standards in some countries

• • Continued poverty for many

• • Attraction to socialism, social democracy, and anarchism.

The Middle Class britian

• A divided group:

• • Upper middle class

• • Lower middle class

• Lower middle class included:

• • Independent shopkeepers and artisans

• • Clerks, technicians, and salaried employees

• Fear of social decline shaped later political movements.

Conclusion: Europe before 1914

• Europe was powerful but unstable.

• Modern industrial economies coexisted with outdated political systems.

• Nationalism, social conflict, and imperial rivalry created a fragile peace that ultimately collapsed into war.