4 cumulative

E. coli shape

Gram negative bacilli

Klebsiella shape

Gram negative bacilli

Proteus shape

Gram negative bacilli

Campylobacter jejuni shape

Gram negative curled or spiraled bacilli

Helicobacter pylori shape

Gram negative curled or spiraled bacilli

How E. coli is classified

By surface antigens and virulence

Least pathogenic E. coli

Enteropathogenic

Most pathogenic E. coli

Enterohemorrhagic

What E. coli most commonly causes

Food poisoning diarrhea and UTI

These are microaerophiles

Campylobacter and helicobacter

This e coil causes actin rearrangement

Enteropathogenic

This E. coli causes food poisoning and diarrhea

Enteropathogenic

This E. coli causes severe diarrhea and vomiting

Enterotoxic

This E. coli invades cells

Enteroinvasive

This E. coli causes dysentery

Enteroinvasive

This E. coli produces an exotoxin from shigella

Enterohemmorragic

This syndrome is due to enterohemmoragic E. coli

Hemolytic uremic syndrome

Components of hemolytic uremic syndrome

Kidney failure, descending UTI, anemia

These are lactose positive

E. coli and klebsiella

Proteus is a normal part of the gut flora and causes a problem when in this part of the body

Urinary tract

Most common cause of healthcare associated infections

Klebsiella

This is considered a CRE

Klebsiella

This is the most common cause of hospital acquired UTI

Proteus

Why is proteus so pathogenic

It has lots of flagella and can swarm especially in catheters

This is spread through contaminated food like raw chicken

Campylobacter jejuni

This may cause guillain barre syndrome

Campylobacter jejuni

This is a demyelinating neuropathy

GBS

What is rheumatic fever

Campylobacter cell wall fragments are left behind and reactivate the immune system so that it attacks cardiac myosin

How is GBS treated

Plasmapheresis and high does immunoglobulin therapy

GBS therapy targets this

Antibodies

This produces urease

Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori causes this

Gastric ulcers and cancers

Pseudomonas shape

Gram negative bacilli

Acinetobacter baumannii shape

Gram negative pleomorphic

Bacteriods fragilis shape

Gram negative bacilli

Most common SPACE bug

Psuedomonas

This is associated with burns and wounds

Psuedomonas

This is associated with cancer and cystic fibrosis

Psuedomonas

This has a biofilm and requires 1000x the MIC

Psuedomonas

This causes pyocyanin

Psuedomonas

Why is acinetobacter a concern

It is multi drug and pan drug resistant

This causes abdominal abscesses

Bacteroids fragilis

This produces polysaccharide A

Bacteroides fragilis

How strept is categorized

Surface antigens (lancefield carbs) and hemolytic activity

Alpha hemolytic activity

Partial hemolysis

Beta hemolytic activity

Full hemolysis

Gamma hemolytic activity

No hemolysis

What is group A strept

Strept pyogenes

What is strept group B

Strept algalactiae

What is strept group D

Enterococcus faecalis and faecium

What is ungroupable strept

Strept pneumoniae

Strept pyogenes shape

Gram positive cocci

Strept agalactiae shape

Gram positive cocci

Strept pneumoniae shape

Gram positive diplococci

Enterococcus faecalis or faecium shape

Gram positive cocci

What group A strept causes

Pharyngitis

Complications of group A strept

Scarlet fever and rheumatic fever

Full body rash due to super antigen

Scarlet fever

This can occur weeks after a sore throat

Rheumatic fever

This causes endocarditis

Rheumatic fever from strep A

This causes impetigo and necrotizing fasciitis

Strept pyogenes group A

This can cause sepsis or meningitis

Strept agalactiae

This causes pneumonia in newborns

Strept agalactiae

Pregnant women are screened for this infection

Strept agalactiae group b

When should antibiotics be given for group b strept in pregnancy

During labor

This causes UTIs and soft tissue infections in hospitalized and immunocompromised

Group D strept

This strept is encapsulated

Strept pneumoniae

This strept is vaccine preventable

strept pneumoniae

Cyclosporine MOA

Antimetabolite of D-Ala that inhibits the synthesis of D-Ala-D-Ala of peptidoglycan

Vancomycin MOA

Binds very tightly to D-Ala-D-Ala of NAM and sterically hinders peptidoglycan synthetase

Telavancin/dalbavancin/oritavancin MOA

Incorporation of lipophilic side chain into bacterial cell membrane causes membrane depolarization and increased permeability

Bacitracin MOA

Inhibits dephosphorylation of bactoprenol-diphosphate and trapping it in the wrong phosphorylation state

Penicillin MOA

Mimics the D-Ala-D-Ala and binds in its place so that it is hydrolyzed instead

Cephalosporin MOA

Mimics the D-Ala-D-Ala and binds in its place so that it is hydrolyzed instead

Carbapenem MOA

Mimics the D-Ala-D-Ala and binds in its place so that it is hydrolyzed instead

Daptomycin MOA

Rapid depolarization of membrane

Colistin MOA

Binds to phospholipids by displacing Ca and Mg and inactivates lipid A

Fosfomycin MOA

Irreversibly inactivates enolpyruvyl transferase by mimicking phosphoenolpyruvate

Sulfonamide MOA

Competitive antagonism of PABA prevents synthesis of folate cofactors

Trimethoprim MOA

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase to decrease the formation of folate cofactors

Pyridium

Local analgesic in the urinary tract

Dapsone MOA

Inhibits dihydropteroate synthase

Fluoroquinolones MOA

Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV to inhibit DNA synthesis

Aminoglycosides MOA

Bind to 16S of 30S and interferes with binding of fMet-tRNA and formation of 70S complex as well as causing a conformational change in the A site

Tetracycline MOA

Binds to 30S ribosome and prevents attachment of tRNA to the A site

Macrolide MOA

Binds to 23S of 50S and inhibits translocation

Fidaxomicin MOA

Inhibits sigma dependent transcription of RNA polymerases

Chloramphenicol MOA

Binds to 50S and inhibits peptidyl transferase by preventing attachment of tRNA to the A site

Clindamycin MOA

Binds to 50S and inhibits peptidyl transferase by preventing attachment of tRNA to the A site

Lincosamide (lincomycin)

Binds to 50S and inhibits peptidyl transferase by preventing attachment of tRNA to the A site

Quinupristin

Forms ternary complex and constricts exit channel

Oxazolidinones (linezolid and tedizolid)

Binds to. L3 and L4 of the 23S of 50S and inhibits formation of 70S complex

Methenamine MOA

Formaldehyde prodrug

Nitrofurantoin MOA

Reduced by flavoproteins to reactive intermediates

Mupirocin MOA

Binds to bacterial isoleucyl tRNA synthetase

Rifaximin MOA

Inhibits DNA dependent RNA polymerase

Metronidazole MOA

Reduction by anaerobes produces free radicals, super oxide, and ROS

Penicillin MOR

Alterations of the drug

Cephalosporins MOR

Alteration of drug

Carbapenem MOR

Alteration of drug