History Exam 2

naturalization act of 1790

limited citizenship to “free white persons”, established whiteness as a legal requirement

chinese exclusion act

banned chinese immigration and naturalization

united states v wong kim ark

ruled that children born in the US are citizens - birthright (jus soli)

immigration act of 1924

set strict quotas favoring Europeans/banned Asians, created a hierarchy in immigration law and reduced diversity

barred entry of all groups ineligible for naturalized citizenship

no restriction on immigrants from western hemisphere

immigration and nationality act of 1965

ended quota system, prioritized family reunification, promotes more immigration from Asia, Latin America

created cap on immigrants from western hemisphere

immigration reform and control act

legalized millions of undocumented immigrants, penalized employers for hiring undocumented workers / shows tension between economic demand for labor vs legal restrictions

Fredrick Douglass

argued that black male suffrage was urgent after the civil war, supported 15th amendment even if women were excluded

new departure strategy

argued that women already had the right to vote under the 14th amendment that courts rejected / led to a push for a separate amendment

minor v happersett

citizenship does not equal the right to vote / closed off legal route for women to vote and reinforced idea that voting rights must be explicitly granted

Ida b wells

exposed lynching as political terror, showed violence was used to block Black voting

Lynching is tied directly to suppressing Black voting and rights/ violence controls elections

PROTECT CIVIL RIGHTS

francés willard and women’s christian temperance union

argued that women’s votes would improve society morally/ used racist arguments to gain southern support

agnes nestor

working women needed the vote to improve wages and conditions/ class-based arguments for suffrage

women are exploited because they have no political power and voting would help them pass laws for fair wages and labor protections

ECONOMIC JUSTICE

jane addams

linked suffrage to social reform (education, poverty)/ expanded idea of democracy beyond voting to also social welfare

women should have the right to vote because they bring important social experience/ voting would allow for care to be extended into government policy

SOCIAL REFORM

alice paul and national woman’s party

used protests and hunger strikes which led to direct passage of 19th amendment

silent sentinels/ protested woodrow wilson’s refusal to support federal suffrage amendment

19th amendment

gave women right to vote / black women in south were still disenfranchised

fannie lou hamer

organized black voters in Mississippi / demonstrated continued voter suppression after 1920

mississippi freedom democratic party

challenged segregated political system/ exposed hypocrisy about democracy

voting rights act

banned literacy tests, federal government actively enforcing democracy

overturned jim crow laws/practices that disenfranchised black voters

zitkala-sa

advocated native citizenship and rights even after 1920

rocky mountain locust

devastated crops in the 1870s, sparked political organizing for federal aid

populist party

regulated railroads, inflation, direct election of senators/ first challenge to corporate power and influenced progressive reforms

origins: farmers facing debt, railroad exploitation, crop failures

progressive party platform

worker’s rights, regulation, democracy reform/ idea that government should protect citizens

hull house

provided services to immigrants/ model for government social programs

maternalist reform

argued that women should shape policy as caregivers / justified early welfare programs

laissez faire

minimal government in economy

liberalism

government should protect rights and promote welfare

herbert hoover

wanted limited government action in response to economic crisis / seen expansion of federal role as a failure

great depression

massive unemployment and poverty / triggered demand for government intervention

franklin d roosevelt

approached economic crisis with an active government response

new deal

programs for relief, recovery and reform/ creation of modern welfare state

southern veto

southern democrats blocking racial equality / limited benefits for black americans

civilian conservation corps

provided jobs for young men

social security act

created long term economic safety net

unemployment compensation, aid to dependent children, aid to the blind, old age insurance

great society

lyndon b johnson

policy initiatives with the goal to eliminate poverty and inequality / expanded welfare state

war on poverty

set of initiatives by lyndon b johnson

education, health and job programs / federal government directly addressing inequality

civil rights act, voting rights act, medicare/medicaid, immigration act of 1965

part of the great society initiative

family values

emphasis on traditional roles / became central to modern political divisions -CULTURE WARS

nuclear family, men as breadwinners, gender roles, opposed abortion, feminism

caused reaction with the civil rights movement, feminism, sexual revolution

immigration patterns

north and western europeans (1790s-1800s), southern and eastern europeans and asians (1800s-1900s), latin americans and asians (post 1965)