Bio Ch 1

Atom

The smallest stable unit of matter.

Atom Specificity

The charge of an atom correlates to its specific element.

Components of Atom Structure

Atoms consist of a nucleus and orbitals.

Nucleus of an Atom

Contains protons and neutrons.

Furthest Orbital Energy

The furthest orbital has the most negative charge.

Furthest Orbital Content

Contains valence electrons.

Valence Electrons Function

Bind to the valence electrons of other atoms.

Magic Number of Valence Electrons

Eight is the most valence electrons that can exist in the valence orbital for stability.

Ion

An unstable atom that has a charge.

Cation

A positively charged ion.

Anion

A negatively charged ion.

Main Elements of Life

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen.

Inorganic Carbon

Carbon that is not naturally occurring and is produced from a reaction.

Nitrogen Production

Produced by decomposers when an organism dies.

Electronegativity Measurement

Indicates how negative an element is and its attraction to other electrons.

Electropositivity Measurement

Indicates how little electronegativity an element has and its ability to donate electrons.

Covalent Bond Formation

Occurs when two atoms share electrons.

Ionic Bond Formation

Occurs from the transfer of valence electrons from a metal to a non-metal.

Polarity in Molecules

Results from the unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond.

Charge of Polar Molecule

Overall charge is neutral with partially negative and positive poles.

Hydrogen Bonds

Weak attractions formed between partially positive hydrogen and highly electronegative atoms.

Water as a Solvent

Good solvent due to hydrogen bonds overcoming ionic bonds to dissolve substances.

Cohesion

When two water molecules bond to each other.

Adhesion

When water sticks to surfaces of other molecules.

Capillary Action

The ability of water to be drawn up the roots of plants.

High Specific Heat Capacity of Water

Water can resist high temperature changes due to collective hydrogen bonds.

Evaporative Cooling

Occurs when the temperature of water decreases as it converts to a gas.

Monosaccharides

Single subunits that make up carbohydrates.

Glycosidic Bonds

The bonds that connect monosaccharides to form carbohydrates.

Amino Acids

Monomers that make up proteins.

Peptide Bonds

The type of bond that links amino acids in a protein.

Structure of Triglycerides

Composed of three fatty acids and a glycerol.

Nucleotide Structure

Composed of a phosphate group, 5 carbon ring, and a nitrogenous base.

DNA Structure

A double helix formed by nucleic acids.

RNA Function

Synthesizes proteins.

Denaturation

The process of causing a protein to lose its function due to shape change.

Quaternary Structure of Proteins

Occurs from interactions between multiple polypeptides.