1st Biology Quiz

bio

life

hydro

water

macro

large

micro

tiny/small

mono

one

di

two

tri

three

pent

five

poly

many

\-ose

sugar

\-ase

enzyme

sacchar

sweet

de

away from/down

oxy

oxygen/sharp/acid

chloro

green

hetero

different

auto

self

\-troph

nutrition

hyper

above/high

hypo

below/under

iso

equal

\-tonic

strength

cyto

cell

\-lysis

break

endo

within/inside

exo

out of/outside

phago

eating/swallowing

pino

drinking

cardio

heart

hemo

blood

dermo

skin

entero

intestine

gastro

stomach

nephro

kidney

pneumo

lungs

What are the four biological macromolecules/organic compounds?

lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

monomer of proteins

amino acids

monomer of carbohydrates

monosaccharides (simple sugars)

monomer of lipids

fatty acids and a glycerol

monomer of nucleic acids

nucleotides

name of polymer of proteins

polypeptides

polymer of carbohydrates

polysaccharides and disaccharides

polymer of lipids

triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, steroids

polymer of nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

Elemental composition of proteins

CHONS

Elemental composition of carbohydrates

CHO

Elemental composition of lipids

CHOP

Elemental compositon of nucleic acids

CHOPN

Structure of proteins

the sequence of amino acids linked together to form a polypeptide chain

structure of carbohydrates

Chain of carbons with hydrogen and oxygen branches

Structure of lipids

a glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic), and a phosphate group (hydrophilic)

Phopholipids:

Ampiphilic molecules

Heads of phospholipids:

Hydrophilic, negative charge, polar, glycerol and phosphate groups

Tails of phospholipids:

Hydrophobic, non-polar, uncharged, fatty acids

Structure of nucleic acid:

Helix (Double helix in DNA)

Function of proteins:

helps repair and build your body's tissues. It drives metabolic reactions, maintains pH and fluid balance, and keeps the immune system strong. It also transports and stores nutrients and can act as an energy source

Which organic compound serves as a long-term energy source?

lipids

Which organic compound serves as a short-term energy source?

carbohydrates

Function of lipids

an energy reserve, regulate hormones, transmit nerve impulses, cushion vital organs, and transport fat-soluble nutrients.

function of carbohydrates

act as an energy source, help control blood glucose and insulin metabolism, participate in cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism, and help with fermentation

function of nucleic acids

storage and expression of genomic information.

example of protein

 beef, chicken, tuna, poultry, pork, fish, nuts, seeds, peaas, legumes,

example of carbohydrates

bread, beans, milk, popcorn, potatoes, cookies, spaghetti, soft drinks, corn, pie, fruits, potatoes,

examples of lipids

butter, ghee, vegetable oil, cheese, cholesterol and other steroids, waxes, phospholipids, and fat-soluble vitamins

examples of nucleic acids

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)

what is hydrolysis

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

what is dehydration synthesis (Condensation)?

the formation of a compound upon the introduction of water to the system

What is a catabolic process?

A process that breaks something down (cataclysm)

What is an anabolic process?

Formulates something

Which is catabolic: dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis?

hydrolysis

What does dehydration synthesis release?

A water molecule

What does hydrolysis require/consume?

A water molecule

What is synthesis?

the production of chemical compounds by reaction from simpler materials.

Out of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis, which is a combination reaction and which is a decomposition reaction

hydrolysis= decomposition reaction

What are the three acts genes must be capable of:

carrying information, producing the traits of an organism, copying the gene to make replication possible

Chromosomes are half:

nucleic acid and half protein

Nucleotides consist of

a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogen base

DNA possesses:

deoxyribose sugar, as it lacks one oxygen, while RNA possesses ribose sugar

Pyrimidines:

single ringed structures, cytosine, thymine, uracil

Purines:

double ringed structures, guanine, adenine

spine of DNA

sugar and phosphate bases (bonded by covalent bonds)

nitrogen bases of DNA are bonded by

hydrogen bonds

How many nitrogen bases form each rung of the DNA ladder?

2

Each strand of DNA

singular helix,

DNA is wrapped tightly around proteins called

histones

DNA and histone molecules form a beadlike structure called a

nucleosome

DNA is packed

very tightly inside cells

replication:

the process by which a cell duplicates/copies its DNA

Individual strands of DNA:

Parental strands, form new daughter strands

Parental strands serve as ________ for daughter strands

templates

Site where DNA separates and replication occurs:

replication fork

Replication begins at

origin of replication (view on internet)

Origins of replication:

short stretches of DNA that have a specific sequence of nucleotides

Replication bubbles:

an unwound and open region of DNA where DNA replication occurs.

During the replication process

two replication forks are formed

Helicases:

enxymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks, make parental strands available as templates

polymerase:

major enzyme in replication, add new nucleotides to existing chain, proofreads DNA strands, removes mistaken nucleotides

ligases:

seal the free ends of daughter strands to parent strands

proteins are the link between

genotypes and phenotypes

gene expression

the process by which DNA depicts the synthesis of proteins