Aquatic Entomology Exam 1 Terms

tagmosis

evolutionary process of condensing segments into functional body units (tagmata)

tagmata

functional body units

tanning

sclerotization/hardening of portions of cuticle through chemical reactions (quinone tanning)

exocuticle

hardened tanned chemical cross linking of proteins in matrix

endocuticle

more flexible protein matrix beneath the exocuticle and above the epidermis

epidermis

single layer of cells and secretes cuticle

procuticle

exocuticle and endocuticle

epicuticle

waxy outer cement layer

integument

exoskeleton

sclerite

tanned cuticle pieces

labrum

upper lip

mandible

chewing apparatus

maxillae

articulated to sense + manipulate food

labium

articulated to sense + manipulate food (last segment)

stemmata

simple eyes on larval holometabolous insects

tergum

top

notum

another word for top

sternum

bottom

direct flight muscles

connect straight to wings

indirect flight muscles

not connected to wings but through moving the notum up and down

synchronous muscles

one contraction per nerve pulse

asynchronous muscles

muscle is activated by stretching and can have multiple contractions per nerve pulse

wing evolution hypothesis 1

wings came from pronotal lobes / tergal origin

wing evolution hypothesis 2

wings came from a modified structure on the pleuron; gills/exites or endites on crustacean legs

wing evolution hypothesis 3

evo-devo studies- knocking out genes and looking for changes in structure and to look where certain genes are expressed throughout insect development; a leg segment

cerci

appendages with various uses - sensing/clasping

appendicular ovipositor

female genitalia that has appendages that are serially homologous for legs, and are meant for jabbing eggs into a substrate/host

substitutional ovipositor

female genitalia where there is modification to the last abdominal segments but have no appendages; meant for just placing eggs onto a substrate/host

spermatheca

stores sperm until use; sperm may be packaged in a spermatophore

ovipositor

used to deposit eggs; also modified in bees/wasps for stinging — T8+T9 creates tube for eggs/stinging

aedeagus

male intermittent organ, + contains penis, claspers (sometimes) and other structures

alimentary canal

foregut, midgut, hingut

foregut

lined with cuticle, anterior salivary glands, stores food, some digestion, and the posterior proventriculus

midgut

no cuticle- digestion + nutrient absorption source; also area posterior are Malpighian tubules

hindgut

ileum, rectum, anus — water and ion resorption, some nutrient absorption, lined with cuticle

Malpighian tubules

removes waste

dorsal vessel

heart, which pumps hemolymph (typically flows from posterior to anterior end)

• no respiratory pigment, no O2 transport, moves nutrients/hormones throughout body

• hydrostatic pressure inflates structures

hemocytes

blood cells for insects— defensive function, coagulation, encapsulation

spiracles

openings to outside with valve under muscle control

trachea

large tubes, connected in network

tracheoles

finer tubes (down to 1 micron) that interface with tissues

aerenchyma

air holding cells in plant tissues that transport O2 to under water plant feeders

compressible gills

air store maintained on body— depends on O2 in H2O (cold water)

physical gill

O2 will move from H2O and into tracheal system by diffusion

plastron

non-compressible gill — rigid enough to hold shape even as O2 is consumed

caudal lamellae

gills in damselflies

open systems

increased gas exchange via compressing air sacs, increasing ventilation

closed systems

increased water flow over body/gill surface bring more fresh H2O and reduces boundary layer

boundary layer

layer of slow moving H2O adjacent to surface

peritrophic membrane

separates midgut cells from food

ammonia (NH3+)

toxic, requires a lot of water and is highly soluble in water, and is excreted by aquatic insects

uric acid

terrestrial insects excrete this— low toxicity, low solubility in H2O doesn’t use a lot of water

osmoregulation

maintaining balance of salts need for basic functioning — occurs via chloride cells

ionocytes

maintains the balance of salts needed for basic functioning — moves across osmotic gradients; may be in hindgut, gills, or in other external parts of the body

indeterminate development

insect continues to molt throughout life

determinate development

insects proceeds through several to many instars, until final adult stage

instar

insect stage between molts

imago

adult stage, sexually mature, has wings

subimago

“adult” stage, not sexually mature, has wings

apolysis

separation of old cuticle form epidermal cells — beginning of molting stage

ecdysis

insect breaks through old cuticle, emerges and expands new cuticle

ametabolous metamorphosis

essential no change through life (gets bigger and becomes sexually mature) — primitive and wingless

hemimetabolous metamorphosis

partial metamorphosis. Immature nymph/naiad progressively resembles adult

homometabolous metamorphosis

complete metamorphosis. Immature larva looks completely different from adult. Pupal instar is final stage before adult.

juvenile hormone

keeps insects from developing to later stages when concentration is high

ecdysone

initiates molting when is released

voltinism

number of generations per year

diapause

pause in development in response to external cues. Usually with resting stage

• overwintering

• development resumes to external cue -temp

quiescence

a pause in development in direct response to environment

• too cold, hot, dry, etc.

• no anticipation (direct response to environment)

lek

swarm oriented over some landmark that is not the oviposition site — usually with male displays

sexual selection

selection on traits that increase female choice (usually) and not other aspects of fitness

• male to male competition is common

sperm precedence

involves being the last to mate with the female (often) or physically removing another male’s spermatophore with aedeagus/mating plug