ANS 230 E1

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Last updated 3:41 PM on 2/10/23
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134 Terms

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first law of thermodynamics
-Energy cannot be created or destroyed only can change form
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-known as law of conversation of mass

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-state of energy/matter is conserved

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Both plant and animals cells have
-well defined cell nucleus that has chromosomes
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-have permeable cell membrane

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-contain mitochondria

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plant cells store energy as
starch
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animals cells store energy as
Triglyceride or glycogen
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what is something plant cells can do and not animal
-photosynthesis
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-contain structural carbohydrates to provide rigidity

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-synthesize amino acids from inorganic nutrients

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Energy is NOT
a nutrient
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Nutrients are
Proteins, Water, Carbs, Vitamins/minerals
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largest portion of dietary energy goes to?
maintenance
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Antoine Lavoisier is most famous because
-for linking chemistry to nutrition using a respiration chamber experiment
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-discovered the concept of metabolism i.e. transfer of nutrients and oxygen into heat and water creating energy

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inefficiency of nutrient metabolism is because of
heat
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basal metabolic rate differs between animals bc
-smaller animals have greater surface area to volume ratio, lose more heat which results in eating more frequently
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basal metabolism\=
fasting catabolism
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rate of energy expenditure by endothermic animals @ rest is called
basal metabolism or fasting catabolism
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indispensable nutrient
is nutrient that has to be supplied in diet because body either does not make enough or does not make it
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Carbs, Lipids, and proteins are all
sources of energy
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Which of the following dietary nutrient is usually present in the smallest amount and considered inorganic nutrient?
minerals
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catabolic \=
reactions involved w/ breakdown of nutrients and subsequent release of energy and heat
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What represents 2 possible configurations of glyosidic bonds?
α (ALpha) and β (beta)
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Animals cells are able to produce 6 carbon sugars is T/F?
False
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Among 2 forms of starch, this is the predominant fraction of starch in most cereal grains?
amylopectin
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What represents carbonyl group and determines whether carb is aldose or ketose?
C\=O
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process where water is added to split carb
hydrolysis
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monosaccharides are present in smaller concentrations than?
disaccharides
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content of disaccharides increase during the?
day
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success in conserving herbage as silage depends on?
presence of soluble carbs
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A structural homopolysaccharide made of glucose is
cellulose
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This hetereopolysaccharide contains xylose and arabinose and is more digestible than cellulose is
hemicellulose
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2 molecules of sugar are linked together by this bond
glyosidic
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2 physiological states of energy metabolism is
- absorptive (actively eating or "fed" state) (anabolic) (in gut)
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-post-absorptive ("fasted" state, not actively eating, catabolic) (not in gut)

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hyperglycemia is
high levels sugar in blood aka diabetes
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lipemia
high level of lipids in blood
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gluconeogenesis is
production of glucose from non-carb source
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What happens in absorptive state
-carb oxidation such as glycolysis, TCA cycle, ETC results in ATP
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-glycogenesis (glycogen in liver and muscle)

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-lipogenesis (Fatty acids and TGs synthesizes in liver and storage in adipose tissue)

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in post-absorptive state
-energy needs met by body reserves such as hepatocytes, adipocytes, gluconeogenesis, acetyl CoA to ketone, glycerol from fatty acids
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Brain gets energy from what when fasting
ketones
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Red blood cells get energy from
glycolysis (they lack mitochondria so no TCA or ETC)
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insulin does what?
takes glucose from blood when high and puts it in cells aka scavenging hormone
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-shuts down gluconeogenesis

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what 2 things do the pancreas synthesize for hormones
glucagon and insulin
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Glucagon does what?
-increases glucose in blood by increasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
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Epinephrine is
-synthesized by adrenal gland
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-produces rapid glycogenolysis for adrenaline rush

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tissues insulin does facilitate glucose uptake
-muscle skeletal and cardiac
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-adipose

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-mammary

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-liver

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aka glut 4

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tissues insulin DOES not facilitate
-nerves
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-kidney

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-intestinal mucosa

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-RBCs

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-eyes

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-brain

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ketoacidosis is
extreme diabetes
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enlarged liver is sign of
hyperglycemia
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With regards to dog and cat nutrition which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

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a. Dogs and cats were recorded as pets since ancient Egyptian civilization

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b. Nutritional management during the earliest periods of domestication was assisted foraging

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c. 1940's saw the advent of the modern pet food industry

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d. All of the above
D: ALL
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During the digestion of food which of the following process results in the release of energy and heat?
Catabolism
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What is the source of six carbon sugars?
Assimilation of water and CO2 in plant cells
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According to the First Law of Thermodynamics:
Digestive processes can change the form of energy
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Plant and animal cells both have a mitochondria but which of the following is/are present only in plant cells?
Chloroplast and vacuole
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The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gm water by 1 degree centigrade is referred to as a
calorie
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Energy expended in a fasting animal is
-Energy expended in a fasting animal is: a. represented by heat production
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- measured in a respiration chamber

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-reflects use of nutrients from breakdown of body tissues

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Maintenance energy is the amount of energy that is
needed for vital body functions at rest
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Basal metabolic rate (BMR) affects the rate at which an animal burns calories. Which of the following is/are true?

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a. Heat production by an animal has no relation to body size

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b. Basal metabolism is lowest in newborn and increases during growth

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c. The metabolic rate (kcal/unit BW/d) is higher for mice than elephants

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d. All of the above are true
C
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The mineral required in greatest amounts in diets fed to egg laying chickens is
Ca
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Unlike non-ruminants, vitamin B is typically not included in diets fed to ruminants? Why?
Microbes synthesize vitamin B aka ruminants can synthesize this
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Dairy cows meet their nutrient demands during peak lactation by:
Mobilizing energy from body reserves
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One main difference between glucose and fructose is:
Glucose is an aldose while fructose is a ketose
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Lactose, sucrose and maltose are all
examples of disaccharides
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amylose is
a non-structural carbohydrate with linear (no branches) α 1, 4 linkages.
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cellulose is
is a structural carbohydrate with linear β 1, 4 linkages
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A condensation reaction is
combines two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide.
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The initial step in the process of cellular respiration in animals is:
glycolysis
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In cellular respiration the final electron acceptor is
Oxygen
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Which of the following best describe the main sequence of events during glycolysis?
Glucose --\> Pyruvate --\> Acetyl CoA --\> TCA cycle
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Following the ingestion of a carbohydrate rich meal:

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a. Circulating levels of blood glucose rise

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b. Beta cells of pancreas release insulin

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c. Insulin moves glucose into cells