ANS 230 E1

first law of thermodynamics

-Energy cannot be created or destroyed only can change form

-known as law of conversation of mass

-state of energy/matter is conserved

Both plant and animals cells have

-well defined cell nucleus that has chromosomes

-have permeable cell membrane

-contain mitochondria

plant cells store energy as

starch

animals cells store energy as

Triglyceride or glycogen

what is something plant cells can do and not animal

-photosynthesis

-contain structural carbohydrates to provide rigidity

-synthesize amino acids from inorganic nutrients

Energy is NOT

a nutrient

Nutrients are

Proteins, Water, Carbs, Vitamins/minerals

largest portion of dietary energy goes to?

maintenance

Antoine Lavoisier is most famous because

-for linking chemistry to nutrition using a respiration chamber experiment

-discovered the concept of metabolism i.e. transfer of nutrients and oxygen into heat and water creating energy

inefficiency of nutrient metabolism is because of

heat

basal metabolic rate differs between animals bc

-smaller animals have greater surface area to volume ratio, lose more heat which results in eating more frequently

basal metabolism\=

fasting catabolism

rate of energy expenditure by endothermic animals @ rest is called

basal metabolism or fasting catabolism

indispensable nutrient

is nutrient that has to be supplied in diet because body either does not make enough or does not make it

Carbs, Lipids, and proteins are all

sources of energy

Which of the following dietary nutrient is usually present in the smallest amount and considered inorganic nutrient?

minerals

catabolic \=

reactions involved w/ breakdown of nutrients and subsequent release of energy and heat

What represents 2 possible configurations of glyosidic bonds?

α (ALpha) and β (beta)

Animals cells are able to produce 6 carbon sugars is T/F?

False

Among 2 forms of starch, this is the predominant fraction of starch in most cereal grains?

amylopectin

What represents carbonyl group and determines whether carb is aldose or ketose?

C\=O

process where water is added to split carb

hydrolysis

monosaccharides are present in smaller concentrations than?

disaccharides

content of disaccharides increase during the?

day

success in conserving herbage as silage depends on?

presence of soluble carbs

A structural homopolysaccharide made of glucose is

cellulose

This hetereopolysaccharide contains xylose and arabinose and is more digestible than cellulose is

hemicellulose

2 molecules of sugar are linked together by this bond

glyosidic

2 physiological states of energy metabolism is

- absorptive (actively eating or "fed" state) (anabolic) (in gut)

-post-absorptive ("fasted" state, not actively eating, catabolic) (not in gut)

hyperglycemia is

high levels sugar in blood aka diabetes

lipemia

high level of lipids in blood

gluconeogenesis is

production of glucose from non-carb source

What happens in absorptive state

-carb oxidation such as glycolysis, TCA cycle, ETC results in ATP

-glycogenesis (glycogen in liver and muscle)

-lipogenesis (Fatty acids and TGs synthesizes in liver and storage in adipose tissue)

in post-absorptive state

-energy needs met by body reserves such as hepatocytes, adipocytes, gluconeogenesis, acetyl CoA to ketone, glycerol from fatty acids

Brain gets energy from what when fasting

ketones

Red blood cells get energy from

glycolysis (they lack mitochondria so no TCA or ETC)

insulin does what?

takes glucose from blood when high and puts it in cells aka scavenging hormone

-shuts down gluconeogenesis

what 2 things do the pancreas synthesize for hormones

glucagon and insulin

Glucagon does what?

-increases glucose in blood by increasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Epinephrine is

-synthesized by adrenal gland

-produces rapid glycogenolysis for adrenaline rush

tissues insulin does facilitate glucose uptake

-muscle skeletal and cardiac

-adipose

-mammary

-liver

aka glut 4

tissues insulin DOES not facilitate

-nerves

-kidney

-intestinal mucosa

-RBCs

-eyes

-brain

ketoacidosis is

extreme diabetes

enlarged liver is sign of

hyperglycemia

With regards to dog and cat nutrition which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

a. Dogs and cats were recorded as pets since ancient Egyptian civilization

b. Nutritional management during the earliest periods of domestication was assisted foraging

c. 1940's saw the advent of the modern pet food industry

d. All of the above

D: ALL

During the digestion of food which of the following process results in the release of energy and heat?

Catabolism

What is the source of six carbon sugars?

Assimilation of water and CO2 in plant cells

According to the First Law of Thermodynamics:

Digestive processes can change the form of energy

Plant and animal cells both have a mitochondria but which of the following is/are present only in plant cells?

Chloroplast and vacuole

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gm water by 1 degree centigrade is referred to as a

calorie

Energy expended in a fasting animal is

-Energy expended in a fasting animal is: a. represented by heat production

- measured in a respiration chamber

-reflects use of nutrients from breakdown of body tissues

Maintenance energy is the amount of energy that is

needed for vital body functions at rest

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) affects the rate at which an animal burns calories. Which of the following is/are true?

a. Heat production by an animal has no relation to body size

b. Basal metabolism is lowest in newborn and increases during growth

c. The metabolic rate (kcal/unit BW/d) is higher for mice than elephants

d. All of the above are true

C

The mineral required in greatest amounts in diets fed to egg laying chickens is

Ca

Unlike non-ruminants, vitamin B is typically not included in diets fed to ruminants? Why?

Microbes synthesize vitamin B aka ruminants can synthesize this

Dairy cows meet their nutrient demands during peak lactation by:

Mobilizing energy from body reserves

One main difference between glucose and fructose is:

Glucose is an aldose while fructose is a ketose

Lactose, sucrose and maltose are all

examples of disaccharides

amylose is

a non-structural carbohydrate with linear (no branches) α 1, 4 linkages.

cellulose is

is a structural carbohydrate with linear β 1, 4 linkages

A condensation reaction is

combines two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide.

The initial step in the process of cellular respiration in animals is:

glycolysis

In cellular respiration the final electron acceptor is

Oxygen

Which of the following best describe the main sequence of events during glycolysis?

Glucose --\> Pyruvate --\> Acetyl CoA --\> TCA cycle

Following the ingestion of a carbohydrate rich meal:

a. Circulating levels of blood glucose rise

b. Beta cells of pancreas release insulin

c. Insulin moves glucose into cells