Photosynthesis and Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis

A biochemical process through which green plants,

algae, and certain bacteria convert light energy, usually

from the sun, into chemical energy stored in glucose.

oxygen

This process is essential

for life on Earth, as it

produces __________ as a

byproduct and serves as

the foundation of the

food chain.

Autotrophs

are “self-feeders”. referred to as the

producers of the biosphere as they make their own

food using sunlight or inorganic compounds.

Heterotrophs

are organisms that can't make their food; they

get energy by consuming other living things.

OXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS

During this process, electrons are transferred from water to carbon dioxide by light energy, to produce energy.

During this transfer of electrons, carbon dioxide is reduced while water is oxidized, and oxygen is produced along with carbohydrates.

ANOXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS

This type of photosynthesis is usually seen in

certain bacteria, such as green sulphur bacteria

and purple bacteria which dwell in various

aquatic habitats.

Outer Membrane

The Chloroplast is surrounded MEMBRANE

by a smooth, permeable, _________________ that allows small

molecules and ions to pass

through while protecting the

organelle.

Inner Membrane

• Selectively permeable membrane that lies just

  beneath the outer membrane.

• It controls the movement

  of substances in and out in

  the chloroplast.

STROMA

It contains enzymes, DNA,

ribosomes, and molecules

necessary for synthesizing

organic compounds from

carbon dioxide.

GRANA

________ are stacks of thylakoids, maximizing

the area for light absorption during

photosynthesis.

THYLAKOID

Internal membrane

structures talked

into discs called

-_______.

LUMEN

The inner space of each thylakoid disc. where

proteins (H+ ions) accumulate during light-dependent

reactions, creating a gradient used to produce ATP.

CHLOROPHYLL

• The most abundant pigment

  found in chloroplasts

• _____________is a pigment that

  reflects green light, which

  results to the green color of the

  plants.

CHLOROPHYLL A

___________ is the

main photosynthetic

pigment which

converts light energy

into chemical energy.

CHLOROPHYLL B

___________ is the

secondary photosynthetic

pigment which is more

inclined to absorbing light

energy toward the green

wavelength.

CAROTENOID

Absorbs the green and blue parts of the light

spectrum.

Plants that are rich in carotenoid appear yellow,

orange or red.

PHOTOLYSIS

The process of breaking water molecules using the energy provided by the light.

xylem vessels

Enters the root and is

transported up to the leaves

through specialized plant cells

known as ____________.

Osmosis

Plants absorb

water from the

soil by a

process called

_________.

XYLEM

• Transport of water and minerals in plants.

• Carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant.

PHLOEM

Transports the

products of

photosynthesis,

including sugars and

amino acids.

stomata

Plants can take in carbon

dioxide gas through tiny holes

in their leaves called _________.

Electron Transport Chain

Energized electrons lose their energy in a

series of reactions that capture the energy necessary to keep life

living.

6CO2+6H2O —-> C6H12O6+6O2

Balanced Photosynthesis chemical equation.

• Water

• Carbon dioxide

2 RAWMATERIALS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Aquaporins

____________ facilitate passive transport in cells.

CYTOCHROME COMPLEX

• it serves as an intermediary between PSII and PSI,

• uses a bit of the energy from the electron to pump another

  proton into the thylakoid.

hydrogen ions

The electrons that have left the pigment molecule contain so much energy that they need to be carried by electron-transport

molecules, making up an electron transport chain. They then get

passed from molecule to molecule, creating enough energy to

produce more _____________ into the thylakoid.

mobile electron carrier

PSII’s chlorophyll now has this electron that

is excited, when a special protein designed

specifically for taking electrons shows up, the

electron leaps off of the chlorophyll molecule

onto the protein, which we call a ______________.

• Light dependent reactions

• Light independent reactions

Two major process that occur in the chloroplast that together make up photosynthesis.

ATP synthase

concentration gradient is created, proteins repel each other so they

push their way through an enzyme called ______________,

CYCLIC

PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

A process that takes place in the stroma that

involves only the uses P700 to bring back the

electrons at the first left on chain to produce

more ATP overtime but not NADPH

NON- CYCLIC

PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

The process that takes place in the granal thylakoid region

of chloroplast that involves photosystem 1 and 2, uses

P680 to transport electrons to produce ATP at

photosystem I, and brings them to second electron

transport chain to reduce NADP+ to NADPH and restrics

electrons that were expelled from photosystems to return.

CARBONFIXATION

Involves fixing a CO2 molecule onto our

starting point, Ribulose Bisphosphate or

RuBP which is always around in the

chloroplast because it is the starting point of

the calvin cycle and also the endpoint.

REDUCTION

The ATP and NADPH from the light reactions supply energy to

3PG, some ATP inserts a phosphate group onto the 3-

Phosphoglycerate and the NADPH inserts some electrons on

resulting into 2 molecules of Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate or

G3P, a high-energy 3-carbon compound that plants convert

into a carbohydrate.

REGENERATION

converts 3 RuBPs into 6

G3Ps but only one of those G3Ps gets to

leave the cycle; the other G3Ps, of course,

are needed to regenerate the original 3

Ribulose Bisphosphate.

PHOTO RESPIRATION

is a wasteful

pathway that occurs when a Calvin

cycle enzyme rubisco acts on

oxygen rather than carbon dioxide.

• LIGHT INTENSITY

• CARBON DIOXIDE

  CONCENTRATION

• TEMPERATURE

• WATER AVAILABILITY

• CHLOROPHYLL

  CONCENTRATION

• NUTRIENT

  AVAILABILITY

• POLLUTANTS AND

  ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS

• WAVELENGTH OF

  LIGHT

• FACTORS AFFECTING PHOTOSYNTHESIS

CAM

when plants grasp the solar energy during the

day and use the energy at night time to assimilate or fix carbon dioxide.

C4

When photosynthetic plants, before entering the C3 pathway, produce oxaloacetic acid or a 4-carbon compound as its primary product is known as Hatch and Slack.

C3

When photosynthetic plants yield 3- carbon acid or 3- phosphoglyceric acid(PGA) as their first product during the carbon dioxide fixation, it is known as _____________

Aerobes

are organisms which cannot surive in oxygen-free environments.

Obligate Anaerobes

unable to survive

without oxygen

because they lack

enzymes to break

down harmful

substances found in it.

Facultative

Anaerobes

can thrive in

either

environment.

AEROBIC RESPIRATION

The process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce cellular energy from food.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ——> 6CO2 + H2O + ATP

BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION

oxidation–reduction

is a reaction that involves the transfer of electrons between chemical species (the atoms, ions, or molecules involved in the reaction).

GLYCOLYSIS

• It is the primary step of aerobic

  respiration.

• 1st step of aerobic respiration.

CYTOSOL

It is the primary step of aerobic

respiration. It takes place within the

________ of the cell.

2 ATP and 2NADPH

During the

glycolysis process, the glucose

molecules are splitting and separated

into ________ and _________

molecules, which are later used in

the process of aerobic respiration.