bio 114 exam 3

endocytosis

engulfing of particle with cell membrane and containing it as a vacuole

moss

developed stomata for gas exchange, becomes peat when compacted under moisture

gametangia

organs that enclose gametes

nuclear envelope

folding of the cell membrane gave genetic material its own casing

primary endosymbiosis

eukaryotes engulfs a gram negative cyanobacteria (with 2 of its own cell membranes)

microspore

develops into male gametophyte

megaspore

develops into female gametophyte

secondary endosymbiosis

a type of protist ancestor engulfs a green algae

tertiary endosymbiosis

a dinoflagellate lost its chloroplast and took up another protist that had a chloroplast through secondary endosymbiosis

alveolates

alveoli or sacs beneath the cell membrane, unicellular, most photosynthetic

apical complex

mass of organelles at the tip of the cell that helps them enter host cells

asexual reproduction

produces genetically identical offspring

sexual reproduction

union of two different gametes to create a novel individual

stramenophiles

2 flagella, with hairs on the longer one

conjugation

seen in paramecia, each trades a micronucleus with another, creating genetic diversity but no new individuals (only sex not reproduction)

alternation of generations

most often seen in plants, spore bearing organisms releases, offspring which become gametophytes, haploid gametophytes recombine to make new diploid organism

euglenids and kinetoplastids

unicellular with flagella, mitochondria with disc shaped cristae, flagella contain crystalline rod

amoebozoans

lobe shaped pseudopods for locomotion, not same as rhizarians

tracheid

specialized cells in phloem and xylem that conduct water and provide support

plantae

united by primary endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium

red algea

red color from accessory pigment phycoerythrin, have chlorophyll a

glaucophytes

chloroplasts membranes still contain bits of peptidoglycan

green plants

other algal groups in plantae have chlorophyll a and b, store products of photosynthesis as strach

streptophytes

coleochaetophytes and stoneworts are closest relatives to land plants, retain eggs in the parental organism, cells connected by plasmodesmata

land plants

the embryo is protected by the tissues of the parent plant, 10 major clades, evolved features to combat gravity, desiccation, and UV radiation

stomata

pores in green tissue that can open and close for water, gas, and heat exchange, synaporporhy of mosses and other land plants

cuticle

a waxy coating on the tops of leaves, prevents water loss due to heat from the sun

rhizarians

unicellular and aquatic, with long thin pseudopods

xylem

vessel that conducts water and nutrients from the ground, up through roots, to the rest of the plant

phloem

conducts water and photosynthetic products from leaves to nourish the plant

lycophytes

stem and true roots have dichotomous branching, have microphylls

euphyllophytes

overtopping growth and megaphylls

overtopping growth

new branches grow beyond the others, which gives an advantage in their competition for light

ferns

large leaves with branching vascular strands

horsetails

reduced leaves grow in whorls

microphylls

simple leaf like structures arranged spirally on stem

endosperm

tissue inside seed after double fertilization

haploid

one set of chromosomes (n)

diploid

2 sets of chromosomes (2n)

sporophyte

small and dependent land plant, diploid

gametophyte

large self sufficient land plant, haploid

liverworts

can have leafy or thalloid gametophytes

hornworts

gametophytes are flat, sporophytes look like horns, basal region capable of infinite cell division

vascular system

ability to transport water and food throughout bodies, allowed them to spread to new environments and diversify rapidly

seed coat

from parent plant, protects and moves the seed

cotyledon

first leaf to emerge from a growing seed

gymnosperm

have cones for mega and microgametophytes, and tracheids for transport and support “naked seed”

angiosperm

flowering and fruiting plants “enclosed seeds” ovules are enclosed by carpels and flowers

gametophyte reduction

haploid generation decreases and diploid increases over time

heterospory

different spore types

megagametophyte (ovule)

one haploid megaspore divides by mitosis into female gametophyte

microgametophyte (pollen)

microspores divide by mitosis to produce male gametophyte

types of seed dispersal

wind, water, animal, gravity, ballistic

perfect flower

have male and female parts

dioecious flower

two housed male and female flowers on different plants

monoecious flower

one housed male and female flowers occur on same plant

imperfect flower

have either male or female parts

carpel

female reproductive unit of flower, holds ovules

dinoflagellates

2 flagella, photosynthetic marine critters, can cause red tides

apicomplexans

conical shaped parasites, specialized organelles gather at the apical complex

ciliates

covered in cilia for motion, heterotrophic and have 2 nuclei

stramenophiles

2 flagella, one with cilia

diatoms

unicellular, radially or bilaterally symmetrical, contain silica in cell walls

pollination

when pollen lands near female gametophyte

secondary growth

outer layer of a seed used for protection and support

cycads

toxic because of mutualism with nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria

ginkgo

trees are either male or female, fruit smells different to each person

gnetophytes

ephedra, source of epinephrine

conifers

longest lived species, tallest species

megastrobilus

female seed bearing cone

microstrobilus

smaller male pollen bearing cone

micropyle

opening in the integument (seed part) where pollen enters

simple fruit

develops from 1 carpel (plum)

aggregate fruit

several carpels (raspberry)

multiple fruit

cluster of flowers (pineapple)

accessory fruit

from parts other than carpels (strawberry)