RELS 2503

Islamic Land

Not an accurate term as there are minorities lands they refer to

Islamicate

Coined by Marshall Hodgson; a politically correct term used to refer to islam

Marshal Hodgson

Coined the Term '“Islamicate “in his book “The Venture of Islam”

Arab

(noun, adj) core ethnicity of islam; used in a cultural sense; poetry, literature, language

Berber

main ethnicity of North Africa

Kurds

Iranian Ethnic group

Turks

originated from western Mongolia and settled in central asia

Baluchs

Iranian ethnic group that resides in balochistan

Persians

they have adopted the arabic writing system using their language. Heavily influenced by islam

Topography

land features/elevations in a map

The Levant

adj. Levantine

Magrid

adj. Magridians

Sawad

means “the blackness”; it refers to the soil between Mesopotamia and the Arabian Dessert

Nexus

refers to the connection; the Iranian plateau is a _________

Hindu Kush

mountain range at the Afghanistan-pakistan border. means hindu killer

stan

means province, the “land” equivalent to England, Iceland, Greenland, etc.

Late Antiquity 200-800 CE

Greek and Romans

Periodization

Referring to periods in history; how we define century in terms

Hellenistic Period

We can see extrapolation of their Principle; there was a political force behind this spread and empire building was very successful

Silk road

shows us that there was an interaction between different places in the late antiquity

Ubanistic Ideas / Citizenship

This was seen in the cities during the period of great change in Eurasia

Mercantilism

popular in late antiquity and propagated organized religion. Religious ideas were travelling from places to places through merchants

Universalism in Religion

Religion was defined by a particular space/people

Proselytism

preaching to convert part of the universalism in religion

Cult

system of beliefs; used for civic and smaller religions

Civic Deity

Each city has one of these in a religious context during the late antiquity period

Judaism

when this religion emerged, we seen universalism in religion

One Religion

All of humanity can subscribe to ____ ___________ and believe in one god. they aim for evangelizing with its main goal to convert.

Christianity

used to be persecuted then became the most subscribed to religion.

State Religion

When rulers commanded their subjects to adopt a certain rleigion

Zoroastronism

State religion; very similar to christianity

Politically supported

Rempire and state became subscribed to one religion. Religion became _____ ___________

Polemics

a discussion regarding different faiths; not an educated debate; there was no compromise, a party is 100% wrong.

Clergy

grew significantly during the late antiquity. they had a close relationship with the state so they gained power. A structure that exist within a church

Ecclesiastic Structure

perfect example is the Catholic Church. There were different titles and ranks , it became appealing to people.

Judaism

arguable the most socially networked. did not operate to convert. Mesopotamia: Egypt (1M), Iran (1/2 M), Iraq (2M)

Exilarch

Main jewish representative in the Persian empire; they collected taxes, legal and administrative visceral; kept track of the jews who could join the military. Only qualified to have this position are those genealogically connected to David

Rabbis

The rose in Iran; they interpreted the torah and replaced the exilarchs

Constantine

Byzantine Ruler (d. 337) Coverted to Christianity but did not make the empire christian

Theodosius

Byzantine Ruler (d. 395) Sent a decree that the byzantine empire was considered to be christian

Patriarchs

Represented christians during the byzantine empire

Patriarchates

administrative centres if christianity in the Middle East: Constantinople, Antioch, Rome, Alexandria, Jerusalem

Justinian

aimed to rebuild the fallen Byzantine Empire

Corpus Iuris Civilis

codification of roman law that was adopted to the community

Christological Debates

attempted to cut the disagreement; answered ti what extent is god a god? how can a human body hold that divinity?

Chaceldon Confessions

Humanity and divinity coexist as one in christ

Dyophysite

Greek; christ has two natures, divine and human were seperate

Monophysites

believed that christ only had one nature. he was simultaneously divine and human. He felt like a human and dying allowed him to be more divine

Theotokos

Greek; Mary mother of Jesus; God bearer; prevalent in Egypt; the worship of the mother of god; similar to the Egyptian god Isis, who bore Horace

Justinian

Religious doctrine with secular power; had tax reformation

Arab Culture

the foundation of the islamic religion; their god spoke their language. and their prophet was this ethnicity

Byzantine and Persian

Two super powers during the Pre-Islamic Arabia

Dry and Arid

Arabia’s climate; hard to access water; arabia had oasis settlement

Hijaz

Oasis Complex

Sana’a, Mecca and Yathrib

did well in terms of commerce during the pre-islamic arabia; there was conflict but also symbiosis

Aksum

Arab kingdom in the Arabian Peninsula; extended to ethiopia

Tribal System

existence of tribe in pre-islamic arabia

Clan system

popular during the pre islamic arabia and was considered to be a political unit

Pre-islamic poetry

epics were used to understand pre-islamic society

Hilm

patience/forbearance

Jahaliyya

time of ignorance (orthodox muslim) before the Qur’an was revealed

Animist system

system of religion attached to the natural world.

Kaba

located in Mecca; house that Abraham built. Huge black cube with idols inside. A massive market formed around this

Ghassanids

Pro-byzantine in the pre-islamic arabia

Lakmids

Pro Sassanian in the pre-islamic arabia

Queen Sheba

converted to judaism she appeared in the Qur’an married to solomon

Yathrib

(Mecca and Medina) had an established jewish community

Hanifs

doom sayer; predicts the end of the world

Cultural superiority

this exists if you were Arab

Hajj

white cotton

Laila Majnu

Arabic version of Romeo and Juliet

The Prophet Muhammad

the greatest person in the world. He changed islam in the globe

Theological / hagiographical

first approach in explaining the success of Muhammad

hagiography

a biography of an individual with significant religious achievement (saint)

Historical and Empirical

second approach in explaining the success of Muhammad; uses data and accounts of him that contributes to a good leader

Suras

Chapters in the Qur’an; there is a commentary tradition in the Qur’an

Exegis

“commentary” given commentary by scholars

Hadiths

reports attributed to the prophet; recalled accounts of the prophets’s teachings

Banu Hashim

What clan was Muhammad part of?

Quercus

What tribe was Muhammad part of?

Khadijah

wife of Muhammad; a successful business woman

Mount Hira

Where Muhammad goes and gets the first revelation through Angel Gabriel

22 years

how long did Muhammad receive revelations?

Meccan Verses

moral admonitions; moral res of human ; ethics they have to aspire

Eschatology

study of the end times

Soteriology

study of where the soul goes; archive of social inequality; how the world came about

Jerusalem

The Angel Gabriel transports the prophet Muhammad here and he sees the rock where Abraham would sacrifice his sons

Heven, Hell

Muhammad ascends to here and tours both ___ __and__ ______

Hijrah

emigration; it got so tense in Mecca that muslims had t flee to gasbero

Medinan Verses

tax, land management, focused on everyday issues

Muhajirun

emigrants; muslims that flee from mecca

Ansar

helpers; median who converted to islam

Peace Treaty of al-hudaibiya 628

Mecca violates this so Muhammad creates an army to invade mecca

Heterogeneity

more than one “__________ religious landscape”

Caliphate

equivalence of kingship

Khalifa

equivalent of king

Ansar

Supported the leadership of ‘Ali

Muhajirun

supported the leadership of Abu Bark

Abu ‘Bakr 623-634

Father in law of Muhammad known for riddance wars

Ridda Wars

can be defined as apostasy; some tribes converted out of Islam and this was created to keep their promises of being a muslim