Psychology Final PLEASE WORK

Personality

A person's internally based characteristic ways of acting and thinking.

Unique psychological qualities that influence a variety of characteristic patterns of behaviour and ways of thinking that determines a person's adjustment to the environment.

Conscious mind

Freud's term for what you are presently aware of

Preconscious mind

Freud's term for what is stored in your memory that you are not presently aware of but can access

Unconscious mind

Freud's term for the part of our mind that we cannot become aware of.

Id

The part of the personality that a person is born with, where the biological instinctual drives reside, and that is located totally in the unconscious mind.

Pleasure principle

The principle of seeking immediate gratification for instinctual drives without concern for the consequences

Ego

The part of the personality that starts developing in the first year or so of life to find realistic outlets for the id's instinctual drives.

Reality principle

The principle of finding gratification for instinctual drives within the constraints of reality (norms of society).

Superego

The part of the personality that represents one's conscience and idealized standards of behaviour.

Defense mechanism

A process used by the ego to distort reality and protect a person from anxiety.

Erogenous zone

The area of the body where the id's pleasure-seeking energies are focused during a particular stage of psychosexual development.

Fixation

Some of the id's pleasure-seeking energies remaining in a psychosexual stage due to excessive or insufficient gratification of instinctual needs.

Oral stage of psychosexual development

First stage in Freud's theory

Birth to 18 months

Erogenous zones are mouth, lips, tongue

Child derives pleasure from oral activities such as biting, sucking, chewing

Anal stage of psychosexual devlopment

Second stage in Freud's theory

18 months to 3 years

Erogenous zone is anus

Child derives pleasure from stimulation of anal area through having and withholding anal movements

Phallic stage of psychosexual development

Third stage in Freud's theory

3 to 6 years

Erogenous zone is located at genitals

Child derives pleasure from genital stimulation

Oedipus Conflict

Freud

Phallic stage conflict in which boy becomes sexually attracted to mother and fears his father will find out and castrate him.

Identification

Process by which children adopt characteristics of same-sex parent and learn their gender role and sense of morality

Latency stage of psychosexual development

Fourth stage in Freud's theory

6 years to puberty

No erogenous zone

Sexual feelings are repressed and the focus is on cognitive and social development

Genital stage of psychosexual development

Fifth stage in Freud's theory

Puberty to adulthood

Erogenous zone is genitals

Child develops sexual relationships, moving towards intimate adult relationships

Hierarchy of Needs

Motivation

Suggests that the innate needs which motivate our behaviour are arranged in a pyramid shape.

From bottom to top:

Physiological (hunger, thirst)

Safety (feel safe, secure, stable)

Belonging and love (to love and be love, belong, be accepted)

Esteem (self-esteem, achievement, competence, independence)

Self-actualization (live up to potential)

Self-actualization

The fullest realization of a person's potential

Conditions of worth

The behaviours and attitudes for which other people (starting with parents) will give us positive regard

Unconditional positive regard

Unconditional acceptance and approval of a person by others

Self-system

The set of cognitive processes by which a person observes, evaluates, and regulates their behaviour

Self-efficacy

A judgement of one's effectiveness in dealing with particular situations

External locus of control

The perception that chance or external forces beyond your personal control determine your fate

Internal locus of control

The perception that you control your own fate.

Learned helplessness

A sense of hopelessness in which a person thinks that he is unable to prevent aversive events.

Attribution

The process by which we explain our own behaviour and that of others

Self-serving bias

The tendency to make attributions so that one can perceive oneself favourably

Traits

The relatively stable internally based characteristics that describe a person

Personal inventory

An objective personality test that uses a series of questions or statements for which the test taker must indicate whether they apply to him/her or not.

Projective test

A personality test that uses a series of ambiguous stimuli to which the test taker must respond about her perception of the stimuli

Personality Theories

Type Theories

Trait Theories

Type Theories

Distinct (no overlap) pattern of personality characteristics

- Sheldon Somatotypes

- Eysenck

- Type A vs. Type B

Sheldon Somatotypes

Type theory of personality

Based on body types

Endomorph - short, plump - sociable, relaxed, even tempered

Ectomorph - tall, thin - restrained, self-conscious, fond of solitude

Mesomorph - heavy-set, muscular - noisy, callous, fond of physical activity

Endomorph

Sheldon somatotype

Short, plump

Sociable, relaxed, even-tempered

Ectomorph

Sheldon somatotype

Tall, thin

Restrained, self-conscious, fond of solitude

Mesomorph

Sheldon somatotype

Heavy-set, muscular

Noisy, callous, fond of physical activity

Eysenck

Type theory of personality

Introvert vs. extrovert

Type A vs. Type B

Type theory of personality

Aggressive when frustrated, impatient, controlling.

Trait Theories of Personality

Characteristic patterns of behaviour or conscious motives.

Assumed that most traits exist in all people to a certain degree and that we can measure the degree to which a trait exists in a person

Thousands of words to describe traits.

Beauty and the Beast

In-class example of trait

Belle - innocent, intellectual, happy, nice

Gaston - arrogant, jerk, narcissistic

Factors

Research has shown that various traits tend to cluster (or appear together) in various dimensions (or factors)

5-Factor Model of Personality

Openness

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism - tendency to experience negative effects

Neuroticism

5-Factor model of personality

Tendency to experience negative effects

Abnormal psychology

The scientific study of mental disorders and their treatment.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV)

The current version of the American Psychiatric Association's diagnostic and classification guidelines for mental disorders.

Personality Disorder

A disorder characterized by inflexible, long-standing personality traits that lead to behaviour that impairs social functioning and deviates from cultural norms.

Biopsychosocial Approach

Explaining abnormality as the result of the interaction among biological, psychological (behavioural and cognitive), and sociocultural factors.

Anxiety Disorders

Disorders in which excessive anxiety leads to personal distress and atypical, maladaptive, and irrational behaviour.