Ch10 Terms: Substance-Related Disorders

Substance intoxication

• A physiological reaction, like impaired judgment and motor ability, and mood change resulting from psychoactive substance ingestion 🚗

• Problem with a physical reaction to substance; because you’re under the influence, you’re unable to focus! 😵

Substance abuse

pattern of psychoactive substance use leading to significant distress or impairment in social and occupational roles and in hazardous situations

Substance dependence/addiction 🤤

• maladaptive pattern of substance use characterized by need for increased amounts to achieve the desired effect

• negative physical effects when the substance is withdrawn

• unsuccessful efforts to control its use

• substantial effort to seek it or recover from its effects

Tolerance

• need for increased amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effect

• diminished effect with continued use of the same amount

Withdrawal ❌

severely negative physiological reaction to removal of a psychoactive substance, which can be alleviated by the same or a similar substance

depressant ⬇

substances that slow down the CNS, resulting in relaxation

stimulant 🔼 ☕ 🚬

drugs that speed up messages traveling between the brain and body, making you feel more awake, alert, energetic, confident (nicotine, caffeine)

opiate/opioid

reduces pain/analgesia, produces euphoria (heroin, opium, codeine, morphine)

hallucinogen 😵‍💫

• alter sensory perception; can produce delusions, paranoia, hallucinations

• LSD, cannabis

abstinence ❌

refrain from alcohol, drugs, sex 👎

binge drinking 🍺

having 5+ drinks in a row

alcohol use disorder/delirium tremens (DT) - withdrawal delirium

• frightening hallucinations and body tremors that result when a heavy drinker withdraws from alcohol

• severe withdrawal from chronic use: chills, seizures, heart failure, hallucinations

Wenicke-Korsakoff syndrome 🧠

• organic brain syndrome resulting from prolonged heavy alcohol use, involving confusion, unintelligible speech, and loss of motor coordination

• May be caused by deficiency of thiamine, a vitamin metabolized poorly by heavy drinkers. Severe thiamine depletion!

Fetal alcohol syndrome 👶

• combination of problems occurring in a child whose mother drank while pregnant

• fetal growth retardation, cognitive deficits, behavior problems, learning difficulties

• Moral and ethical decision making impacted (don’t understand right from wrong)

Sedative 😴

• drug with calming effect that relieves anxiety, insomnia, or is used as a general anesthetic

• depresses the CNS, resulting in calmness, drowsiness 🔽

Relapse ⏪

return to frequent substance use that existed prior to treatment/commitment to change

Hypnotic 😴

psychoactive drug inducing sleep (or surgical anesthesia); treats insomnia

Anxiolytic

drug that treats anxiety symptoms due to stress: fear, muscle tightness

Inhalants 🌬

substances in volatile solvents breathed directly into lungs 🫁

Barbiturate 🛌

sedative, addictive drug like Amytal, Seconal, or Nembutal used as a sleep aid

Amphetamine 🔼

• induce feelings of elation and vigor, can reduce fatigue

• you feel up, then crash into tired/depression symptoms

• stimulant medication used to treat hypersomnia by keeping the person awake during the day, and to treat narcolepsy, including sudden onset episodes, by suppressing REM sleep

Nicotine 🚬

toxic, addictive substance in tobacco leaves

Caffeine ☕

stimulant speeds up CNS, elevates mood and postpones fatigue

Cannabis/marijuana

• dried leaves of cannabis plant that’s smoked or consumed in other ways to produce psychoactive effects

• Increases euphoria and sensory distortions

• Mood swings, paranoia, and hallucinations/delusions

Designer/party drugs 🥳

• synthesized drugs that are illicitly produced with the intent of developing substances that differ slightly from controlled substances in their chemical structure while retaining their pharmacological effects

• Ex: MDMA/Molly/Ecstasy heightens auditory, visual, taste, touch perception

Agnostic substitution 💊

Replacement of a drug on which a person is dependent with one that has a similar chemical makeup (agonist). Used as treatment for substance dependence.

Narcotic

drug that produces analgesia (pain relief), narcosis (state of sleep), and addiction (physical dependence on the drug)

Aversion therapy ⚡

• uses a conditioning model; substance use is paired with something extremely unpleasant, like a brief electric shock or feelings of nausea

• Counteract positive associations with substance use with negative associations ❌

Covert sensitization 😭

cognitive-behavioral intervention to reduce unwanted behaviors by having clients imagine the extremely aversive consequences of the behaviors and establish negative, rather than positive, associations with them

Contingency management

together, the clinician and client select the behaviors that the client needs to change and decide on the reinforcers that’ll reward reaching certain goals; perhaps money or small retail items like CDs.

Component treatment (psychological) 🧠

• full treatment protocol is broken down into its individual components to identify which specific elements are most effective in achieving desired outcomes

• use different types of treatment strategies!

Relapse prevention/controlled drinking 🍻❌

extremely controversial treatment approach to alcohol dependence in which severe abusers are taught to drink in moderation