Early Christian and Byzantine History: Edicts, Church Structure, and Empire Fall
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41 Terms
Who ended Christian persecution in 311 AD?
Emperor Galerius
What was the Edict of Milan (313 AD)?
A joint declaration by Constantine and Licinius granting religious freedom throughout the Roman Empire
When did Constantine become sole emperor?
324 AD
What major change did Constantine make to the capital of the empire?
He moved it to Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul)
What new religious freedom did Christians gain after legalization?
Public worship was permitted
What major church-building project symbolized Christianity's new status?
The Archbasilica of St. John Lateran
How did legalization affect Church leaders politically?
They gained political influence
What happened to Christian property after legalization?
Confiscated property was returned
How did legalization affect evangelization?
Christians were free to spread the faith openly
How did Constantine support Church unity?
He supported ecumenical councils
What is Caesaropapism?
Government interference in Church affairs
How did legalization increase social inequality?
The gap between rich and poor became more pronounced
Who were 'convenience Christians'?
People who became Christian for political or social advantage
What new social class emerged among clergy?
A clerical aristocracy
Who were the Desert Fathers?
Christians who withdrew from society to seek a more authentic faith
Why did some Romans convert to Christianity?
To keep Roman citizenship
What were the five major patriarchates?
Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem
Why did Rome have primary authority?
Because of St. Peter's legacy
How did Church administration change after legalization?
It began to mirror Roman political systems
What local Church units developed?
Parishes and dioceses
What was the long-term result for Church hierarchy?
A more formal and organized structure
Who ruled the Eastern Empire after Constantine's death?
Constantius, who supported Arianism
Who ruled the Western Empire after Constantine's death?
Constans, who supported Orthodox Christianity
What percentage of the population was Christian by 350 AD?
57%
Which emperor made Christianity the official religion of the empire?
Theodosius I
Why did Constantinople weaken the Western Empire?
It became the new capital, shifting power eastward
What were the barbarian migrations?
Large east-to-west population movements
Who were the Huns?
A group from Asia seeking fertile land
Which Germanic tribe invaded Gaul and Rome?
The Visigoths
What happened in 410 AD?
The Visigoths sacked Rome
What year traditionally marks the fall of the Western Roman Empire?
476 AD
What was the Eastern Roman Empire later called?
The Byzantine Empire
Who was Justinian I?
A Byzantine emperor who ruled from 527-565
What was the Justinian Code?
A systematic collection of Roman laws
What famous church did Justinian build?
Hagia Sophia
Who was Empress Theodora?
Justinian's influential wife
What military achievement did Justinian attempt?
Reconquering parts of the Western Empire
What problem grew between East and West during this time?
Religious tensions
What language difference divided the Church?
Greek (East) vs. Latin (West)
What major event in 1054 resulted from East-West tensions?
The Great Schism
When did the Byzantine Empire fall?
1453, to the Ottoman Turks
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