BIOL120 Lab Exam 3 Question Bank

Epimysia blend into coarse sheets of connective tissue called ___________ that bind muscles into functional groups

Deep Fascia

Give the function of a synergist

aid the function of agonists

Name two criteria (ways) used to classify/name muscle

Direction, size, location, number of origins, action, shape

Name two descriptive terms used when classifying muscles by their number of origins.

biceps, triceps, quadriceps

Name two descriptive terms used when classifying muscles by their relative size

Maximus, minimus, longus, brevis

Name two descriptive terms used when classifying muscles by the direction of their muscle fibers

Rectus, Transverse, Oblique

Each motor neuron axon breaks up into many branches called

Axon terminals

The junction between an axon and a muscle cell is called

Neuromuscular junction

The bulk of the body's muscle is composed of which muscle type

Skeletal msucle

The fluid-filled gap separating a neuronal and muscle fiber membranes is called

Synaptic cleft

Epimysia blend into strong cord-like structures called

Tendons

Epimysia blend into strong flat/sheet-like structures called

Aponeuroses

Give the two other names by which skeletal muscles are known (hint: control/appearance)

Voluntary or Striated

Skeletal muscle is composed of relatively large, long cylindrical cells sometimes called

myofibrils

Give the range of muscle fiber diameter

10 - 100 micro meters (µm)

Give the range of muscle fiber length

6cm - 25 cm

Muscle cells are bundles of

Myofibrils

Myofibrils are made up of even smaller thread-like structures called

Myofilaments

What channel is continuous with the sarcolemma and propagates the action potential close to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Transverse (T) Tubule

A large number of sascicles are bound together by a coarse "overcoat" of dense connective tissue called the ______ with sheaths the entire muscle

Epimysium

Give the function of an agonist

Primary mover in a muscle contraction

Give the function of an antagonist

A muscle that opposes the movement of an agonist: allows for controlled, "graceful" movements

Give the function of a fixator

Immobilizes origin of prime mover (agonist)

What is the effect of aging in on muscles, what happens to them?

Muscles become sinewy, stringier

The Transverse Tubule and the two terminal cistern are on either side form a region called a

Triad

A muscle's fixed (immovable) site of attachment is called its

Origin

Several sheathed muscle fibers are wrapped together by a collagenic membrane called

Perimysium

______ are the actual contractile units of a muscle

Sarcomeres

The ________ is the areolar connective tissue layer surrounding each individual muscle fiber

Endomysium

A bundle of several sheathed muscle fibers, wrapped together by a collagenic membrane is called a

Fascicle

A muscle's more moveable site of attachment is called its

Insertion

A neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates make up the functional structure called a

Motor unit

What is the anatomically name for the thin filaments of the myofibrils

Actin

What is the anatomical name for the thick filaments of the myofibrils

Myosin

What part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is in close proximity with the Transverse Tubule

Terminal Cisternae

For what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum a repository?

Calcium (Ca) ions

How many thin filaments surround every thick filament in each myofibrils?

6

How many thick filaments surround every thin filament in each myofibrils?

3

Most abdominal muscles insert at the ______ or the ______

Linea alba/Pubic crest

Most abdominal muscles produce an action that ______ or ______ the trunk

flexes & rotates vertebral column, compress abdominal wall or aids muscles of the back to rotate

Most deep thorax muscles have origins on the ________

inferior & superior borders of ribs

Most abdominal muscles produce an action that moves the ______ or aids in ______ or _____ of air into or out of the lungs

vertebral column//trunk, inhalation, exhalation

MOST POSTERIOR MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK PRODUCE ACTIONS THAT MOVE THE _________________ OR _______________ (GIVE EITHER)

humerus, scapula

Most deep facial muscles produce an action that moves some part of the

Mandible

Most superficial facial muscles insert in some part of the

Skin

Most deep facial muscles insert in some part of the

Mandible

Most anterior muscles of the neck have insertions in a part of the

Hyoid bone

Most anterior muscles of the neck have actions that involve movement of the

Hyoid bone

Most posterior muscles of the trunk have insertions on some part of the __________ or __________

Humerus, Scapula

Most of the muscles of the humerus/upper arm have insertions in some part of the _______ or the ________

Radius, ulna

Most of the muscles of the upper arm have origins in some part of the

Humerus

The action of most superficial anterior compartment antebrachium/forearm muscles is _________

Wrist flexion

What is the action of most muscles of the anterior upper arm comparetment

Forearm/elbow Flexion

What is the action of the muscles of the posterior upper arm compartment

Forearm/elbow extension

The action of most deep anterior compartment antebrachium/forearm muscles is

Thumb flexion/Finger flexion

The action of most deep posterior compartment antebrachium/forearm muscles is

Thumb extension

The action of most superficial posterior compartment antebrachium/forearm muscles is ______ or ______

Wrist extension/Wrist flexion

Most of the muscles of the superficial anterior compartment antebrachium/forearm have origins in some part of the _______ or ______

Humerus/Ulna

Most of the muscles of the deep anterior compartment antebrachium/forearm have origins on some part of the _______ or ________

Ulna/Interosseous Membrane

Most of the muscles of the deep posterior compartment antebrachium/forearm have origins in some part of the _____ or _____ or ______

Ulna/Radius/Interosseous Membrane

The action of all the muscles of the posterior compartment of the lower leg is

Plantar Flexion of the foot

The actions of all of the muscles of the lateral compartment of the lower leg is _______ or ______

Plantar flexion/Eversion

All of the muscles of the lateral compartment of the lower leg have origins in some part of the

Fibula

Most of the muscles of the superficial posterior compartment antebrachium/forearm have an origin in some part of the _____

Humerus

The action of most of the muscles of the upper medial leg compartment is ________ or _______ or ________

Thigh adduction/Thigh Flexion/Thigh Rotation

The action of most of the muscles of the anterior upper leg compartment is

Knee/leg extension

Most muscles of the anterior upper leg compartment have insertions at the _______ or _______

Patella/Tibial Tuberosity

The action of all of the gluteal muscles is

Abduction/extension of the thigh

All of the gluteal muscles have insertions at some part of thw

Femur

Most of the anterior compartment muscles of the upper leg have origins on some part of the _____ or the _____

Femur/pelvis

All of the gluteal muscles have origins at some part of the

Ilium

The action of all of the posterior compartment muscles of the upper leg is

Thigh extension

All of the posterior compartment muscles of the upper leg have origins at the

Ischial tuberosity

All of the posterior compartment muscles of the lower leg have insertions at some part of the

Calcaneus

All of the muscles of the lateral compartment of the lower leg have an insertion at one of the

Metatarsals

Most of the muscles of the anterior lower leg compartment have origins at some part of the _____ or _____

Tibia/Fibula

The action of all the muscles of the anterior lower leg compartment is

Dorsiflexion of the foot

All of the muscles of the anterior lower leg compartment have insertions at some part of a _____ or ______

TENDON OR CALCANEUS
(think it's metatarsal and phalange tho)

When ______ muscle contracts, blood circulates, delivering nutrients to cells and removing cell waste

Cardiac

_______ is a recording of the electrical activity of muscles

Electromyogram (EMG)

_________ is an EMG where a needle electrode is inserted through the skin into the muscle whose electrical activity is to be measured

Intramuscular EMG

________ is an EMG where the electrodes are placed on the skin overlying the muscle

Surface EMG

_______ means changing the strength of muscle contraction or the extent of shortening in proportion to the load placed on the muscle by way of motor unit recruitment

Grading contractions of skeletal muscle

________ is a constant state of slight tension that serves to maintain the muscle in a state of readiness

Tonus

The muscle force generated by muscle activity is expressed in ________ units

Kilograms (kg)

Define mechanical work performed by skeletal muscle

When a muscle contracts to move an object

The strength of the electrical current generated by muscle activity is expressed in _______ (units)

Millivolts (mV)

Contraction of _______ muscle moves one part of the body with respect to another part

Skeletal

Contraction of _______ muscle (type) changes the internal diameter of hollow organs

Smooth

_______ is the name of the type of EMG where the electrodes are placed on the skin overlying the muscle

Surface EMG

Sustained fusion of individual muscle twitches is known as

Tetany

_______ is the combination of a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it controls (innervates)

Motor Unit

The detection, amplification, and recording of changes in skin voltage produced by underlying skeletal muscle contraction

Electromyography

The sequential activation of motor units to perform a designated task is

Motor unit recruitment

When does fatigue occur

-Muscle uses energy faster than it can be replaced
-ATP depletion
-Oxygen debt
-Lactic acid buildup

A decrease in the muscle's ability to generate force due to a depletion of ATP, a buildup of inorganic phosphate or potassium causing a blockage of calcium release from Sarcoplasmic Reticulum or oxygen debt in muscle is called

Muscle fatigue

Describe one way of controlling the degree of skeletal muscle contraction

-Activate desired number of motor units
-controlling the frequency of motor neuron impulses

________ is the measurement of power

Dynamometry

________ is the amount of work done per unit of time

Power

What was the hand dynamometer/dynagrip used to show

-Force generated
-Fatigue via decrease in force