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Neo-Confucianism
A philosophical movement that emerged in China during the Song Dynasty, integrating Confucian principles with Buddhist and Daoist elements. It emphasized moral integrity, social harmony, and the importance of education. It significantly influenced Chinese culture, ethics, and governance, shaping East Asian societies and their approaches to morality and philosophy.
Mahayana Buddhism
Also known as popular Buddhism, is allows people more ways to reach enlightenment and boddhisatvas can help you reach enlightenment.
Flying Cash
A system of credit that allowed merchants to deposit money under their name in one location and withdraw the same amount at another location. Started in China to use in trade and along the silk road
Champa Rice
Rice originated in Vietnam that is drought resistant, grows fast and allows for more harvests a year. Allows China population to grow tremendously
Foot Binding
A traditional Chinese practice that involved tightly wrapping the feet of young girls to alter their shape, symbolizing beauty and status in society.
Grand Canal
A vast waterway system in China, constructed to facilitate trade and transport between northern and southern regions, significantly enhancing economic development.
Hangzhou
The capital of China during the Song Dynasty. Big and luxurious city with many markets.
Beijing
Yuan capital, center of cultural and economic life, eastern terminus of caravan routes, called Great Capital, had closed imperial complex - the Forbidden City,
Sinification
the assimilation or spread of Chinese culture during the Tang and Song dynasties
Khanates
regions ruled by a khan, particularly during the Mongol Empire, which were divided into several territories.
Uighurs
Turkic ethic group massacred by Qing empires and put in concentration camps, still going on today
Shogunate
Japan government form ruled by a Shogun, military leader.
Shinto
the oldest religion in Japan. Shinto's key concepts include purity, harmony, family respect, and subordination of the individual before the group. The faith has no founder or prophets and there is no major text which outlines its principal beliefs.
Bushido
is a moral and ethical code that guided the samurai class in Japan during the feudal period. This code emphasized virtues such as loyalty, honor, courage, and self-discipline, and it shaped the behavior and social conduct of samurai warriors.
Samurai
Japanese miitary offcials/soilders viewed in high prestige
Sui Dynasty
known for uniting northern and southern China and for the major construction projects built during their reign, such as the Grand Canal.
Tang Dynasty
one of the greatest periods of peace and prosperity in Chinese history, and it is remembered for its cultural achievements and its strong and centralized government. became a golden age for poetry, sculpture, and Buddhism.
Song Dynasty
known for its cultural achievements and technological innovations, which had a significant impact on the development of China and East Asia.
Mongols
known for their highly organized and efficient military campaigns, which enabled them to conquer and control vast territories. As skilled horsemen and traders, they played a significant role in spreading ideas, technologies, and cultural practices throughout the regions they controlled.
Genghis Khan
founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, uniting the Mongolian tribes in the early 13th century and establishing one of the largest empires in history
Yuan Dynasty
the first foreign-ruled dynasty in Chinese history to commandeer all of China. Founded by Kublai Khan and the Mongols
Kublai Khan
fifth khan of the Mongol Empire and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty in China, ruling from 1260 to 1294.
Zheng He
a Muslim Chinese navigator, diplomat, and explorer who served the Yongle Emperor and Xuande Emperor of the Ming dynasty during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
Ming Dynasty
drove out the Mongols in 1368 with the help of the white lotus society and rebuilt the infrastructure of the empire, including the Great Wall, the Grand Canal, and irrigation systems.
Caliphate
a state (kingdom) under the leadership of a ruler with the title caliph (government and religious leader) (islamic)
Sunni
the traditionalist and mainstream branch of Islam. deny that Muhammad's cousin Ali is his legitimate successor.
Shia
the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad.
Quran
the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina.
Sultanate
a territory under the leadership of a rule with the title of sultan (only a government leader) (islamic)
Five Pillars of Islam
Shahadah - the Muslim creed / statement of faith.
Salah - prayer - Muslims must pray five times a day.
Zakat (or Zakah) - giving to those in need.
Sawm - fasting during Ramadan.
Hajj - making the pilgrimage to the holy city of Makkah (Mecca)
Hajj
making the pilgrimage to the holy city of Makkah (Mecca)
Mecca
city in present-day Saudi Arabia that holds great religious significance as the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad and the site of the Kaaba, the most sacred structure in Islam.
Jihad
refers to "struggle" while for some it means a struggle for purity and faith, others interpret it as a duty to protect the Islam faith by destroying threats
Medina
the city where Muhammad migrated after facing persecution in Mecca, and it became the first Islamic community center, playing a key role in the spread of Islam.
Muslim
Followers of the Islamic Religion
Sharia Law
a set of laws, principles, and guidelines determined by Islamic legal scholars who set forth jurisprudence based on their interpretation of texts such as the Quran or hadith.
Sufism
Responsible for spreading Islam to south and southeast asia, take wild interpretation of Quran, Incorporated islam into polytheistic religions
House of Wisdom
founded under the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad and became a model for later centers of learning throughout the Islamic world. Scholars at the House of Wisdom translated important texts from Greek, Persian, and Sanskrit, helping preserve classical knowledge that might have otherwise been lost.
Al Andulus
the name given to the territory in the Iberian Peninsula (modern-day Spain and Portugal) that was ruled by Muslim dynasties from the 8th to the 15th centuries.
Prophet Muhammad
the founder of Islam and is considered the last prophet in a long line of prophets in Islamic tradition. His teachings and revelations, which were received over 23 years, form the basis of the Quran, the holy book of Islam.
Nasir al din Tusi
updated astrological charts, laid the groundwork for trigonometry
Ibn Kaldun
had historical accounts, Father of historiography and sociology
Ibn Battuta
morrocan scholar and explorer, one of the most celebrated figures of the medieval Islamic world. His extraordinary travels across Africa, Asia, and Europe during the 14th century provide invaluable insights into the diverse cultures, societies, and historical landscapes of the time.
A’ishah Bint Yusuf Al-Bauniyyah
Female Muslim writer, helped spread Sufi traditions
Hinduism
one of the world's oldest religions, characterized by a diverse set of beliefs and practices that originated in the Indian subcontinent. It emphasizes concepts such as dharma (duty/ethical living), karma (action and its consequences), and moksha (liberation from the cycle of rebirth).
Brahma
the lord of creation. The god is responsible for creating everything that exists. Part of the holy Trinity of gods.
Vishnu
the god of Preservation, the great maintainer who often appears in various incarnations (avatara) to provide salvation for humanity. Holy Trinity of gods
Shiva
an important Hindu deity who in the trinity of gods was the Destroyer. significance: helped with Cults and Hinduism. Sufis.
caste system
a hierarchical social stratification found primarily in India, where individuals are born into specific social groups that determine their occupation, social status, and potential for mobility.
Bahkti Movement
spread Hindu to southeast Asia, sufi of hinduism
Sikhism
cultural syncretism of Hinduism and Sufi Islam
Dehli Sultanate
a series of Muslim dynasties that ruled over large parts of the Indian subcontinent from the late 12th century to the early 16th century. Its rule marks the rise of Islam as a major religion in the Indian subcontinent
monsoon
facilitated maritime trade by providing reliable wind patterns for sailing ships, allowing for increased commerce across the Indian Ocean.
Vijayanagara Empire
south Asian empire that fostered the reconstruction of Hindu life and administration after the disorders and disunities of the 12th and 13th centuries.
Dhow
ship that could carry large cargoes of goods like spices, textiles, and precious metals, making them integral to the economy of the Indian Ocean region.
Junk
300 feet long ships that were used by the Chinese to carry massive trading hauls
Khmer
empire that was a major center for trade, benefiting from its strategic location along key trade routes between India and China. home of Angkor what and Angkor thom
Srivijaya
first empire to unite south east asia
Majapahit
a powerful and influential Hindu-Buddhist empire that flourished in Southeast Asia from the late 13th century to the early 16th century. known for its extensive trade networks, cultural achievements, and significant role in shaping the political landscape of the region
Sukhothai
the first modern Thai kingdom. It was located in modern Thailand and stretched down into the Malay Peninsula. The kingdom was formed in 1238 when two Thai chieftains declared independence from the declining Khmer Empire.
Melacca
one of the world's most important cities for trade and home to a cosmopolitan community of over 100,000. Straight is one of the most important trade routes, get rich if you can control it.
Guru Kabir
a blind weaver, who was one of the most famous bhakti teachers, went so far to teach that Shiva, Vishnu, and Allah were all manifestations of single, universal deity.
Tamerlane
founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty. Set the foundation for the gunpowder empires.
Mexica (Aztec)
a Mesoamerican civilization that flourished in central Mexico from the 14th to the 16th century, known for their complex social structure, impressive architecture, and practice of human sacrifice, with their capital city being Tenochtitlan
Lake Texcoco
it was the location where the Aztecs built their capital city, Tenochtitlan, on an island within the lake, making it a central point in the development and power of the Aztec Empire
Tenochtitlan
Capital of the Aztec empire, built on lake Texcoco, used chinampas
Teotihuacan
an ancient Mesoamerican city that flourished between 100 BCE and 750 CE, known for its monumental architecture, complex urban layout, and rich cultural life.
Chinampas
artificial agricultural islands built up with rafts, mud, and soils in order to support farming.
Quetzalcoatl
a prominent Mesoamerican deity, often depicted as a feathered serpent, who was worshipped by civilizations like the Aztecs and Toltecs; considered a creator god associated with wind, air, knowledge, and representing the duality of creation and destruction in their belief systems
Cahokia
the site of a large pre-Columbian Native American city located in present-day Illinois known for its complex network of earthen mounds, and recognized as one of the most advanced civilizations in ancient America, particularly notable for its urban planning and trade networks across North America
Inca
a large, centralized empire that flourished in the Andean highlands of South America, known for its impressive infrastructure, complex social structure, and mandatory public service system
cuzco
the capital of the inca empire
Machu Picchu
a remarkable example of Inca architecture and engineering, built as a royal estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti in the 15th century
Quipu
an ancient Incan device made of colored, knotted strings that was used for record-keeping and communication
Mit’a
a mandatory labor system used by the Inca Empire in pre-Columbian South America, where citizens were required to contribute a set period of labor to public projects like road construction, agriculture, or military service
Montezuma II
was one of the last rulers of the great Aztec Empire before the arrival of the Spanish. Under his mandate, the city of Tenochtitlan managed to maintain its power and the domain it exercised over other peoples, who were obliged to pay tribute.
Pachacuti
the 9th Incan ruler and was one of the most beloved of all Incan emperors. His conquests led to an extensive expansion of the Incan kingdom, eventually encompassing large areas in western South America
Bantu
a family of languages spoken by the Bantu people, a group of indigenous Africans primarily located in central and southern Africa, which spread widely across the continent through migration and are characterized by their linguistic similarities
Griots
traditional West African storytellers, poets, and musicians who serve as oral historians and keepers of culture. high status in society
Sub-Saharan
the region of the African continent that lies south of the Sahara Desert.
Kingdom of Ghana
an ancient West African empire that flourished from roughly the 8th to 13th centuries, known for its significant wealth derived from trans-Saharan trade, particularly in gold and salt, and considered a key player in the development of trade networks across the Sahara Desert
Mali Empire
a culturally rich, and resource-wealthy kingdom that spanned a large area of Western Africa between the 13th and 17th centuries C.E. Mansa Musa is the leader
Timbuktu
a significant historical city in Mali, known for its role as a cultural and economic hub during the medieval period
Swahili
the people and language of the East African coast, primarily known for their maritime trading culture and a unique blend of Bantu African and Arabic influences
Swahili city-states
a series of independent, trade-oriented city-states located along the East African coast, flourishing from the 9th to the 16th century. They served as vital commercial hubs in the Indian Ocean Trade Routes
great Zimbabwe
a medieval city in southeastern Africa known for its impressive stone ruins and walls, showcasing advanced engineering and trade networks that connected the region to the broader Indian Ocean trade routes.
slave trade
European powers captured and transported millions of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to work on plantations in the Americas
zanj revolt
a major slave uprising against the Abbasid Caliphate that took place in southern Iraq between 869 and 883 CE
Kingdom of Axum
an ancient civilization located in present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea, known for its powerful trade networks, impressive architecture, and adoption of Christianity.
Ethiopia
known for its rich history and cultural heritage, including its ancient kingdom of Aksum. It played a significant role in trade and cultural exchange in the region and was notable for its unique position as one of the few African nations that successfully resisted European colonization.
camels
resistance to heat and its ability to survive with small amounts of water and a diet of desert vegetation have made it a key animal for inhabitants of the Sahara, deeply bound to their economy, material culture and lifestyle.
Sundiata Keita
the founder of the Mali Empire in West Africa, known for his military prowess and the establishment of a centralized government that greatly enhanced trade and agriculture in the region.
Mansa Musa
a West African ruler who reigned as the king of the Mali Empire in the 14th century. He is known for his tremendous wealth and his role in promoting the Trans-Saharan trade routes. Richest man in the world
Fuedalism
A decentralized political organization based on the exchange of land for loyalty
Manorialism
System of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor for access to land.
Serfdom
a system of agricultural labor prevalent in medieval Europe where peasants, known as serfs, were bound to the land they worked and were subject to the authority of landowners.
Crusades
reclaiming Jerusalem from Muslim armies and spreading the "true faith" of Christianity. 4 total, only the first one was successful
Hanseatic League
a confederation of guilds and market towns in Northern Europe during the early modern period (1358-1800). It controlled much of the trade in the Baltic Sea and maintained an army for the mutual protection of towns and cities in the league.
Heavy Plows
an advanced agricultural tool developed in medieval Europe that allowed for more efficient tilling of heavy, clay-rich soils.
Horse Collars
Allows horses to pull heavy weight with their chest, not neck
