3.2.2.2.1 Relationships and connections

Flows shaping demographic/cultural characteristics

People, Money/Investment, Resources, Ideas

Flows of people effect on demographic/cultural characteristics

Demographic shift (Population pyramids of Iran 1990-2020), Cultural impact, Scale (locals become outsiders from gentrification and immigration)

How many asylum seekers in Germany

3.55 million

Flows of money/investment effect on demographic/cultural characteristics

Regeneration/rebranding (Stratford after Olympics into ‘East Village), Short vs long term effects (Influx of people after Rio Olympics vs Favela destruction)

Resources effect on demographic/cultural characteristics

Interdependence (LICs lack resources so demographic shifts), Industrial change

Ideas effect on demographic/cultural characteristics

Urban resurgence (young professionals), Rebranding (Detroit now Lonely Plant no.2), Sustainability (Environmentalism like Babcock Ranch Florida first solar powered city)

Governments (local, national and international scale)

Agents of change making policy choices to shift flows/alter endogenous effects

Local scale government policies

Regeneration (Hulme City), Re-imaging, Rebranding (Belfast River Lagan rebranded as ‘cosmopolitan’ with Titanic Quarters)

National scale government policies

Migration control, Demographic control (China 1 child policy, French tax incentives), Inequality reduction (taxation subsidies like free school meals)

Example and impacts of migration

Turkish workers welcomed to Germany in 1960s resulted in Turkish being 2nd language and spread of Islam

Global scale government policies

UNESCO status (Lake District in 2017 brings world tourism), Political realignment (Brexit view EU as ‘others)

Negative evaluation government policies

Gentrification, NIMBYism, Resistance movement (E15 mums want affordable housing)

Past connections role

Shaped present charecter

Past connections features

Industrial specialisation (Sheffield heritage remains with Cultural Industries Quarter and diversity), Trade routes (London x New York), Socio-political history (Belfast with deindustrialisation and ‘The Troubles’)

Present connection features

Globalisation/Digital networks, TNC investment (Nissan in Sunderland alter local environment/job industry), International institutions (UNESCO Keswick gain £3.29 million)

Place operating across all scales (Sheffield)

Local - confluence of two rivers, National - ‘Student City’ attracts 50,000, Global - ‘Outdoor City’ attracts tourists whilst steelworks supply global markets

Glastonbury example for human perception

Area of spiritual importance for pagans but international music festival for others

External agencies types and strategies to manage perceptions

Governments/corporate bodies/community groups. Reimaging, rebranding, regeneration

Qualitative sources representations

Art (Lowry’s matchstick figure representing northern mill towns), Music (parodies like the Welsh Empire State of Mind), Petry (Out Town with the Whole of India for Southall, London)

Government roles to manage perception through policy choices

Local councils (tourism boards like Visit Berlin ‘City of Freedom’), National government (2012 Olympic regeneration), Strategic investment (London Docklands Development Corporation)

Corporate bodies roles to manage perception through policy choices

Art and culture rebranding (Turner Contemporary Gallery, Margate), Social media (“I Amsterdam” photographed 8,000 times a day)

Community/local groups roles to manage perception through policy choices

Localism (Easingwold resistance to Costa coffee), Active representation (E15 mums)

Impacts of managing perception through policy choices

Attract investment, Drive tourism (Belfast has 6.5 million visitors annually), Social inclusion/exclusion