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New media/new forms of entertainment
Listening to the radio
Able to listen to new music & hear about distant events
Going to the movies
Silent movies featuring Charlie Chaplin
Newspapers/Magazines
Jazz
American musical form developed by African Americans, based on improvisation, blending blues, and ragtime
New Technology
Electric appliances for the household were one of the biggest new market segments in the 1920s
new trends in consumerism
Americans were spending more money!
Manufacturing improved during and after the war → prices for goods decreased
Able to buy commercial goods (refrigerators, cars, telephones, electric stoves)
Prohibition (18th amendment)
18th Amendment: nationwide ban on the sale and import of alcoholic beverages
Led to the rise of Organized Crime
Al Capone & other gangsters made their fortunes from the illegal distillation and sale of alcohol
Darwin’s Theory vs.Christianity
Fundamentalists: Believed that Darwinism (evolution) was undermining the foundations of Christianity
Debate over what should be taught in public schools
Speakeasies
Secret drinking establishments
flappers vs. conservative
Flappers were seen as brash for wearing excessive makeup, drinking, treating sex in a casual manner, smoking, driving automobiles, and otherwise flouting social and sexual norms. They challenged the previously accepted mores of society in every regar
women
dress
Short bob hairstyle
Shorter dresses
Form fitting clothing
Makeup
Role in Society
Women (especially single women) are working more
Many in “traditionally feminine” roles
Domestic service
Able to earn wages
Consumerism
More freedom in personal life
BUT pressure to get married and have children remained high
voting
women were allowed to vote
KKK (resurgence)
Against African Americans, Catholics, Jews, immigrants, progressives, etc.
Red Scare
Period of widespread fear of extreme left movements (communism and socialism)
Fear of European immigrants
Same time that Labor Riots were occurring
Palmer Raids: Violent law enforcement raids targeting radical leftists and anarchists
Women’s suffrage
fighting to gain rights
NAWSA, NWP, NACW
National American Woman Suffrage Association
Lobbied and petitioned to pass state suffrage amendments that would lead to a national amendment
National Association of Colored Women
Promoted progress of women of color through suffrage and education
National Woman’s Party
Used more intense methods to enfranchise women
EX: Hunger strikes, marching with picket signs in front of the White House
19th amendement (1920)
"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.
over-speculation
High risk investing with the hopes of making a large profit
People were buying stocks at prices that did NOT reflect the actual value of the company
credit
buy now, Pay later
bank failures
The depressed economy caused many banks (especially small banks) to go bankrupt. At that time there was no deposit insurance, so many people withdrew their deposits from banks and kept their money as currency. Many bank runs occurred, as depositors were wary of bankruptcy.
stock market
Where businesses sell part ownership in their company and people sell or trade stocks.
The stock market in the 1920’s was booming!
People were purchasing tons of items
Businesses were making lots of money as people consumed more
Companies started advertising their products to get people to buy more!
Stock values of companies were always going up!
There were many small investors
Bank run
when a large number of depositors try and withdraw at the same time
Few banks could handle this number of withdrawals → led to banks closing
Banking system collapses
impacts of the stock market crash
everyone lost money
investors and businesses both put significant amounts of money into the market
when it crashed, tremendous amounts of money were lost
Businesses closed and people lost their savings.
Federal reserve system
Failed to curb many of the poor decisions made by banks during the 1920s
When the banking system started to collapse → federal reserve reduced the amount of money in circulation
Led to a severe drop in spending
Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930
Tariffs: Taxes on imported goods
Hawley Smoot Act: Increased tariff by 20% → Other countries placed tariffs on the U.S. in response
→ Global trade plummeted
→ no one to sell American goods to
unemployment during the great depression
24.9%
impact on farmers/everyday people
Dust Bowl: Drought in the central and southern great plains during the 1930s → worsened farming conditions
As a result → many farmers moved to CA or other places to find relief
No income → No money to spend → don’t purchase goods
Companies that produce goods lay off workers and reduce wages
Less income to spend
Hoover
Relied on volunteerism and local/state governments
Bonus Army: Sent federal troops to evict the veterans
Believed that providing money to big businesses would “trickle down” to help everyday individuals
The New Deal
FDR’s domestic programs
Roosevelt proposed and Congress passed 15 major bills
Involved the 3Rs in the different programs
President Roosevelt
Believed that providing money to big businesses would “trickle down” to help everyday individuals
Bonus Army: Sent his wife Eleanor Roosevelt to talk with the troops, she empathized with them
Utilized the 3 Rs to end the depression and prevent another from returning
Roosevelt’s 3Rs
Relief: provide relief from immediate hardships of the depression (JOBS)
Recovery: Help the economy bounce back from the depression
Reform: Instituted changes that would prevent a future depression
WPA (Works Progress Administration)
Created new jobs in road construction, harbor creation, etc.
Provided jobs for displaced artists, writers, actors, etc.
reform
AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Administration)
paid farmers for not planting crops in order to reduce surpluses and increase prices
recovery
FDIC (Federal Department Insurance Corporation)
insure bank customers against the loss of up to $5,000 of their deposits if their bank should fail.
reform
CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps)
unmarried men aged 18-25 from relief rolls and sent them into the woods and fields to plant trees, build parks/roads/fight erosion (BRP)
relief
CWA (Civil Works Administration)
created construction jobs,
improved/constructed buildings and bridges
SSA (Social Security Administration)
Created the pension system for retirees
Established unemployment insurance for those who lost their jobs
Created insurance for victims of work related incidents
Continues to still provide basic economic security to millions of Americans
reform
FERA (Federal Emergency Relief Act)
Gave federal grants to states that funded salaries for government workers as well as local soup kitchens and other direct-aid to the poor programs.
relief
Impact of the New Deal
short term —> New Deal programs helped improve the lives of people suffering from the events of the depression.
In the long run —> New Deal programs set a precedent for the federal government to play a key role in the economic and social affairs of the nation.
Criticism of the New Deal
Some said FDR was a socialist
Bringing government in direct control of certain industries
Expanded government power TOO much
Threatened individual freedom
Actual socialists said that FDR was not doing enough!