Soc 224 Final

Why is physical appearance important to us?

People judge us on that basis

How do we most often socially type ourselves and others?

physical appearance

What is the stimulus for the social typing we do everyday are are subject to?

Physical appearance

What forms of physical appearance are usually considered deviant?

Both voluntary and involuntary aspects

How are the forms of voluntary physical appearance deemed deviant?

Sociohistorical context relevant to the times

Cultural appropriation

adopting elements of another culture without regard for their history or meaning

Body projects (Shilling)

the ways that each of us adapts changes, or controls characteristics of our bodies and whether those characteristics are voluntary or involuntary

What are some examples of a body project?

Glasses to correct poor eyesight, high heels to compensate for being short, working out to lose weight

What are the 4 different categories of body projects?

1. Camouflaging

2. Extending

3. Adapting

4.Redesigning

Camouflaging projects

involve techniques of body manipulation involved in the socialization process

Examples of camouflaging projects

makeup, certain clothing and hairstyles

Adapting projects

Parts of the body are removed or repaired for a host of aesthetic of medical reasons (permanent but changeable)

Examples of adapting projects

Weight loss, muscle building and laser hair removal

Extending projects

attempting to overcome one's physical limitations

Examples of extending projects

cane, contact lenses, hair extensions

Redesigning projects

Reconstruct the body in lasting ways

Examples of redesigning projects

tattoos, cosmetic surgery and body piercing

Are body projects mutually exclusive or could belong to more than one category?

They can belong to more than one category

What can be inferred by a person's body?

Attribution of meaning to themselves and others and the structures and processes of the social fabric within which they live

What type of body project is weight loss?

Adapting

What type of status as labeled by Howard Becker would physical appearance serve?

Master status

What makes a master status significant?

The auxiliary traits we attach to them?

How would an objective view study body modification?

Tattoos and pierced bodies tell us about the characteristics of that individual

What are the two central issues emphasized under the objective view on body mods?

Risk and motivation

The extent to which body mods be associated with other risky factors such as?

Number of mods an individual has and age

Describe the representative risks for different groups

-More modifications (the number is maybe 4)

-Adolescents> adults

What are the reasons that adolescent body modification is higher risk?

1. risk declines with age

2. internalization of stigmatizing labels

3. Certain adolescents are more prone to body mods (similar to risk factor for criminal activity)

From an objectivist view what can we learn from a modified body?

That they are experimenting as a part of a specific developmental stage in the lifespan (adolescence) or may be engaging in a variety of high-risk behaviours (such as drug use) or psychological problems or come from marginalized backgrounds

What are body projects seen as from a subjectivists view?

Part of people's understandings of themselves, others and the world around them

How do people with body art engage in impression management (dramaturgical approach?

How large it will be, where it will be located and to whom it will be displayed? (front end or back end_

Are female or male university students more likely to have a tattoo?

Female

What type of eating disorder is the most common among men?

Muscle dysmorphia

How does the narrative view approach body mods?

Body art tells the stories of our lives (marked moments, events, important symbols to us)

What did Atkinson (2002) say about tattoos regarding women?

Tattoos can be used in the construction of their gender identities which emerge from and have an impact on structures of power in society (resistant and established femininity)

Established femininity

Embodies the dominant cultural constructions of what a female body should look like (enhances femininity)

Resistant femininity

A form of femininity that opposes dominant ideals of what the female body should look like (more traditionally masculine and often larger)

What are factors that effect the acceptance of tattoos in an occupational environment?

Location, organization/industry type, proximity of worker to customers/clients, design of the tattoo and size

Job-stoppers

tattoos in specific locations (hands and neck)

T/F From an objective perspective, bodies tell us about the characteristics of individuals involved in specific body projects, such as economic status or age.

a True

True

T/F Most research looking at risky behaviour and tattoos finds that people who have a tattoo are more likely to engage in other risky behaviour.

False,

T/F The medical control of "too fat" is based on health issues rather than appearance issues.

False

T/F Family members of people who are eventually diagnosed with anorexia perceived them as "too thin" when they reached approximately 5% below a healthy weight.

False " family members perceived them as too thin until they had reached the point of being emaciated"

How much is the weight loss and weight management market estimated to be worth?

206.4 billion

Primary prevention of eating disorders

Efforts to prevent eating disorders from occurring in the first place

Secondary prevention of eating disorders

T/F "Ana" websites are a form of resistance to the social typing of "too fat".

Help maintain anorexia

T/F Almost all Playboy centerfolds are underweight according to health standards, and approximately 30% of them meet the weight criteria for anorexia.

True

T/F From an objective view, body art does not just tell us something about the individual, but also larger social structures and processes.

False A subjective view does this

T/F The rise of an appreciation for "ample bottoms" as a result of stars such as Shakira, J-Lo or Kim Kardashian is partially in response to a social desire to control "too thin".

True

A woman asks for a tattoo of a series of vines along her rib cage and wrapping around her back. The tattoo artist takes time to inform her that this location has a stigma attached to it. When the woman says she is aware and wants to challenge that label, she is engaging in:

A) rejection of social appropriateness

B) secondary deviance

C) tertiary deviance

D) inciting a moral panic

E) self-fulfilling prophesy

C

In Nazi Germany, people with visible physical disabilities were targets for genocidal efforts, in part, because they were perceived as a drain on society. This is an example of

A) the roles played by master statuses and auxiliary traits in the social typing process.

B) the social typing of voluntary aspects of physical appearance.

C) positivist social control theories (e.g. Hirschi).

D) strain theories (e.g. Merton).

E) reintegrative shaming.

A

According to Shilling (1993), teenagers who tattoo their bodies are engaged in

A) camouflaging.

B) extending.

C) adapting.

D) redesigning.

E) enhancing.

D

Which of the following types of body projects (Shilling, 1993) is exemplified by the use of makeup?

A) redesigning

B) extending

C) camouflaging

D) adapting

E) enhancing

C

During what era did tattooing become a means of symbolizing masculinity and brotherhood in working-class communities?

A) Middle Ages

B) late 18th and early 19th centuries

C) the turn of the 20th century

D) 1950s

E) 1980s

D

Which of the following statements is true of body modification among 12-18 year olds?

A) females are more likely to have piercings, but males are more likely to have tattoos

B) males are more likely to have piercings, but females are more likely to have tattoos

C) females are more likely than males to have piercings or tattoos

D) males are more likely than females to have piercings or tattoos

E) there are no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of tattoos/piercings when comparing males and females

C

Which of the following activities are youth with tattoos more likely to engage in than youth without tattoos?

A) binge drinking

B) smoking

C) sexual activity

D) failing in school

E) youth with tattoos are more likely to engage in a variety of high risk activities, including binge drinking, smoking, sexual activity, and failing in school

E) youth with tattoos are more likely to engage in a variety of high risk activities, including binge drinking, smoking, sexual activity, and failing in school

Which of the following statements about people's perceptions of physicians with facial piercings is true?

A) people perceive physicians with facial piercings as less competent and less trustworthy

B) people who have engaged in body modification themselves are more likely to disapprove of physicians with facial piercings than are people without body modifications

C) although half of people disapprove of physicians with facial piercings, more than 75% say it would not personally bother them to have such a physician

D) disapproval rates are higher for lip piercings than for nose piercings

E) the presence of facial piercings does not affect people's perceptions of physicians' competency or trustworthiness

A) people perceive physicians with facial piercings as less competent and less trustworthy

Negative reactions to women with tattoos exist in the following populations:

A) women without tattoos, if the tattoo is large

B) women with tattoos, if the tattoo is highly visible

C) men without tattoos, if the tattoo is small

D) men with tattoos, if the tattoo highly visible

E) negative reactions to women with tattoos exist in all of populations described above

E) negative reactions to women with tattoos exist in all of populations described above

How are women with tattoos, when compared to women without tattoos, perceived by the majority of people?

A) less promiscuous; more attractive; heavier drinkers

B) less promiscuous; less attractive; heavier drinkers

C) less promiscuous; less attractive, lighter drinkers

D) more promiscuous; less attractive; heavier drinkers

E) more promiscuous; more attractive; heavier drinkers

D) more promiscuous; less attractive; heavier drinkers

In Hawkes, Senn, and Thorn's (2004) study on people's perceptions of women with tattoos, of which of the following types of tattoos did women with tattoos themselves disapprove?

A) large tattoos

B) small tattoos

C) tattoos having "masculine" imagery

D) highly visible tattoos

E) tattoos having imagery that is "too girly"

D) highly visible tattoos

Katy Perry dressed as a Japanese geisha at the American Music Awards and Meghan Trainor has been accused of emulating black music styles. These are both examples of

A) extending

B) cultural appropriation

C) image modification

D) cultural immersion

E) resisting cultural hegemony

B) cultural appropriation

When we come across a person who appears dirty or unkempt, we judge them based on their outward appearance, however our true reaction is to the presumption that this person is homeless and therefore a social deviant. This is an example of

A) auxiliary traits

B) secondary status

C) voluntary appearance

D) body modification

E) master status

A) auxiliary traits

What is the basis for scientific definitions of the "ideal" body weight?

A) statistical rarity

B) harm

C) normative violation

D) negative societal reaction

E) scientific normativity

B) harm

According to the standards of the World Health Organization, a person with a BMI of 18. 4 is considered to be

A) overweight.

B) obese.

C) underweight.

D) acceptable.

E) anorexic.

C) underweight.

In which culture was body art first equated with savagery and therefore deviantized as something marginalized groups might have?

A) Early Christian and Medieval eras

B) During the spread of European Colonization

C) Indigenous cultures

D) Mid-twentieth century in the United States

E) During the Inquisition

B) During the spread of European Colonization

How does the "ideal" female body compare to the "ideal" male body, based on social standards?

A) the "ideal" male body is thinner than the "ideal" female body

B) a wider range of body sizes is seen as acceptable for women than for men

C) body size is more likely to be used as an evaluative criterion for women than for men

D) the thin "ideal" for women is more common in preindustrial societies where food is scarce

E) body size is more likely to be used as an evaluative criterion for men than for women

C) body size is more likely to be used as an evaluative criterion for women than for men

What are the common perceptions of the "ideal" body?

A) university students say men and women would look more attractive if they had the body size of models in advertising

B) university students say the media images portray a body size that is not necessarily good for one's health

C) the majority of female children want to look like a female on television

D) the majority of female children say that women on television are much thinner than women in the "real world"

E) even though some of the statements above appear to contradict each other, they do all reflect common perceptions of the "ideal" body

E) even though some of the statements above appear to contradict each other, they do all reflect common perceptions of the "ideal" body

Which of the following is not signifying the relationship of work and body modification?

A) signifies membership to a specific occupation / group

B) reflects upon individual's identity as a worker

C) act as conversation starters to encourage social interactions

D) act as job-stoppers

E) each of the above can signify the relationship of body modifications and work

E) each of the above can signify the relationship of body modifications and work

According to current research, why do people become overweight?

A) they consume more calories than they expend

B) unhealthy food saturates our culture

C) because of an inability to deal with negative emotions in a positive way

D) the formation of bad habits

E) all of the above are explanations of why people become overweight

E) all of the above are explanations of why people become overweight

How are overweight/underweight people perceived in society?

A) surveys of schoolteachers reveal that approximately one-quarter say being underweight is the "worst thing that can happen" to someone

B) surveys of nurses reveal that approximately one-quarter are "repulsed" by obese people

C) surveys of children reveal that most would rather be "fat" than get cancer

D) overweight children are rated as being more suitable as friends than physically disabled children are

E) all of the statements listed above reflect perceptions of overweight/underweight people

B) surveys of nurses reveal that approximately one-quarter are "repulsed" by obese people

Who has been found to negatively stereotype people who are overweight and/or obese?

A) children

B) teachers

C) health professionals who specialize in treating obesity

D) the general population

E) children, teachers, health professionals who specialize in treating obesity, and the general population have all been found to negatively stereotype people who are overweight and/or obese

E) children, teachers, health professionals who specialize in treating obesity, and the general population have all been found to negatively stereotype people who are overweight and/or obese

In an analysis of male images in GQ, Rolling Stone, and Sports Illustrated magazines from 1967-1997, which images became more prevalent during that time?

A) "very muscular" images

B) "somewhat muscular" images

C) "not muscular" images

D) "overweight" images

E) "underweight" images

A) "very muscular" images

Which of the following is an example of the social control of "too fat"?

A) medical clinics that perform liposuction

B) tax deductions for children's sports activities

C) the Anishinaabe Mino-Ayaawin program to build more recreational facilities within the community

D) television commercials for gym memberships

E) all of the above are examples of controlling "too fat"

E) all of the above are examples of controlling "too fat"

Jenna is about to graduate from college. Based on scientific standards, she has been "overweight" most of her life, but she has never actually perceived herself as "fat". Which of the following situations is the most likely to contribute to the formation of a "fat" identity?

A) as Jenna is walking down the street one day, she sees her reflection in a store window, and is surprised at how much weight she has gained

B) Jenna sees a magazine ad for a new weight loss pill that promises "no negative side effects"

C) a coworker says to Jenna, "You would be so pretty if you lost 20 pounds"

D) Jenna steps on a scale and sees that she has gained 10 more pounds

E) a new gym opens across the street from her office, and she continually sees thin, fit women going inside

C) a coworker says to Jenna, "You would be so pretty if you lost 20 pounds"

According to a research study which age group has the highest proportion of people with a tattoo?

A) 18-24 years old

B) 25-29 years old

C) 30-39 years old

D) 40-49 years old

E) 50-64 years old

C) 30-39 years old

Identifying young women and men who may be in the early stages of an eating disorder is part of

A) primary prevention.

B) secondary prevention.

C) primary treatment.

D) secondary treatment.

E) remedial programming.

D) secondary prevention.

In an effort to prevent eating disorders, society must alter its obsession with body ideals, and instead adopt a program of building self-esteem and self-efficacy. This is a part of

A) primary prevention.

B) secondary prevention.

C) primary treatment.

D) secondary treatment.

E) remedial programming.

A) primary prevention.

What proportion of adults over the age of 18 have a tattoo according to research in 2012?

A) 2 %

B) 5 %

C) 15 %

D) 21 %

E) 32 %

D) 21 %

Which of the following theories has been applied to the development of an "anorexic" identity?

A) social learning theory

B) strain theory

C) subcultural theory

D) labelling theory

E) social bonds theory

D) labelling theory

. Which of the following is an example of resistance to the social typing of "too thin"?

A) websites that tell girls how to prevent others from noticing their extreme weight loss

B) a magazine article that discusses the dangers of weight loss surgery

C) developing a clothing line for obese women

D) Health Canada's "Active Living" program

E) all of the above are examples of resistance to the social typing of "too thin"

A) websites that tell girls how to prevent others from noticing their extreme weight loss

In the time period from 1950 and 2000,

A) Playboy centerfolds became thinner until 1980, but then became larger again.

B) the gap between the body size of media women and the body size of average women in society decreased.

C) a larger proportion of men in various forms of media became overweight.

D) the proportion of "thin" female characters on television declined from 70% to 47%.

C) a larger proportion of men in various forms of media became overweight.

Rachel wakes up in the morning, puts on her carefully selected dress, styles her hair, puts on makeup and jewelry, all in preparation for her job interview that morning. She does this because

A) she is vain

B) physical appearance is an aspect of our identity that is judged everyday

C) physical appearance is more important than her intellect at getting a job

D) she is engaging in an adapting project

E) she knows that if she is dressed well, it will distract attention from the giant tattoo on her neck

B) physical appearance is an aspect of our identity that is judged everyday

A group of people in their last year of university go together to get a tattoo of a black panther to symbolize their dedication to the BlackLivesMatter movement and play tribute to the civil rights movement in the 1960s. This shared tattoo is an example of

A) group identity formation

B) collective representation

C) renaissance resistance

D) commodification of a cause

E) class consciousness

B) Collective representation

Which of the following is NOT identified as a reason behind getting a tattoo in the research discussed?

A) Aesthetic motivations

B) Pursuit of a unique identity

C) Group identification

D) To empower an individual

E) To be more attractive to the opposite / same sex

D) To empower an individual

What proportion of the Canadian male population are currently overweight according to their BMI?

A) 25 %

B) 35 %

C) 62 %

D) 80 %

E) We don't use BMI as a measurement in Canada

C) 62 %

Which of the following is NOT one of the diagnostic criteria for Anorexia Nervosa?

A) At least 15 % below normal body weight

B) Abnormal self-perception of body

C) An detached indifference to weight changes

D) Denial of the seriousness of weight loss

E) Distorted perception of body shape

C) An detached indifference to weight changes

When trying to determine what the current social definitions of beauty would be using a _______ approach to body image.

A) Positivist

B) Contemporary

C) Objective

D) Subjective

E) Medical

D) Subjective

What are the two dimensions of mental disorder?

Experience of the specific disorder itself (symptoms)

Social dimension (attribution of meaning to their symptoms and that meaning arising from interactions with other people)

Mental disorder

A psychological, biological or behavioral dysfunction that interferes with daily life- "alterations in thinking ,mood or behaviour... associated with significant distress and impaired functioning"

What percentage of adult canadians have a mental illness and what percentage know somehow with a mental disorder?

20% and 80%

Describe the prevalence for different groups in regards to mood disorders

immigrants and individuals from the north are less likely and the LGBTQ are more likely

What are the three most common mental disorders?

mood and anxiety disorders, substance abuse disorders and cognitive impairment and dementia

What percentage of the population has a mood or anxiety disorder?

11.7%

What percentage of the population has a substance abuse disorder?

5.9%

What percentage of population has a cognitive impairment or dementia

2.2%

What is the single greatest predictor of mental illness?

socioeconomic status

Social causation hypothesis

suggests that more life stresses and fewer resources characterize the lives of the lower class contributing to the emergence of mental illness

Strain theory and mental illness

suggesting that mental illness can emerge in response to the gap between institutionalized goals and the legitimate means for attaining those goals

Retreatism

People give up on pursuing their goals as well as the legitimate means of attaining those goals

social selection hypothesis

(reverse of social causation) people with mental disorders can fall into lower economic strata because of difficulties in daily functioning