Research Methods- Non-Experimental Methods

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67 Terms

1

Naturalistic Observation

Studied in a natural setting
Everything left as normal

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Naturalistic Observation- Strength

High ecological validity

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3

Naturalistic Observation- Limitation

No control

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4

Controlled Observation

Same variables are controlled by the researcher
Participants know they’re being observed
Usually in lab conditions

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5

Controlled Observation- Strength

High control

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6

Controlled Observation- Limitation

Low ecological validity

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7

Overt Observation

Participants are aware

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8

Overt Observation- Strength

Ethical

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9

Overt Observation- Limitation

Social desirability, demand characteristics

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10

Covert Observation

Participants are not aware

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11

Covert Observation- Strength

Realistic behaviour

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12

Covert Observation- Limitation

Ethical issues

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13

Participant Observation

Observer joins the group being studied

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14

Participant Observation- Strength

Can get ‘insider info’

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15

Participant Observation- Limitation

May miss things
Investigator effects

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16

Non-Participant Observation

Observer watches from a distance and does not interact with the people being studied

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17

Non-Participant Observation- Strength

Remain objective and alert

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18

Non-Participant Observation- Limitation

Can only observe what is shown

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19

Structured Observation

Organised, where behavioural categories and sampling procedures are used

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20

Structured Observation- Strength

Less observer bias

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21

Structured Observation- Limitation

Not much detail

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22

Unstructured Observation

Researcher records all relevant behaviour without a system in place

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23

Unstructured Observation- Strength

More detailed results

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24

Unstructured Observation- Limitation

More observer bias/qualitative

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25

Behavioural Categories

Categorising behaviours intended to be viewed
Usually decided before observation
Must be objective and observable

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26

Event Sampling

Counting number of times a specific behaviour occurs within a set period of time

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27

Event Sampling- Strength

Behaviours will not be missed so good for infrequent behaviours

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28

Event Sampling- Limitation

TIme consuming and difficult to record everything

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29

Time Sampling

Recording any behaviours which occur in given set time intervals

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30

Time Sampling- Strength

Time to record what is seen

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31

Time Sampling- Limitation

Infrequent behaviours may be missed

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32

Questionnaires

Made up of a pre-set list of written questions to which a participant responds

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33

Questionnaires- Advantages

Can be distributed to lots of people
Easily replicable
Closed, fixed choice questions are easy to statistically analyse

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34

Questionnaires- Disadvantages

Social desirability bias
Anonymity causes difficulty in knowing if someone is telling the truth

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35

Open Questions- Strength

Responses aren’t restricted

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36

Open Questions- Limitation

Difficult to analyse

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37

Closed Questions- Strength

Easier to analyse

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38

Closed Questions- Limitation

Responses are restricted

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39

Interviews

Face-to-face interaction between an interviewer and interviewee

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40

Interviews- Advantage

Better awareness of truthfulness of interviewee

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41

Interviews- Disadvantage

Risk of interviewer bias

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42

Structured Interviews

A list of predetermined questions asked in a fixed order

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43

Unstructured Interviews

No set questions, general topic to be discussed but interaction is free flowing

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44

Semi-Structured Interviews

A list of questions that have been worked out in advance but interviewers ask further questions based on answers

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45

Social Desirability Bias

Giving socially favorable answers due to the presence of the interviewer

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46

Interviewer Effect

Effects of interviewers presence

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47

Case Study

A detailed, in-depth analysis of an individual or small group.
Tend to be longitudinal studies fathering large amounts of data from many sources

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48

Case Study- Strengths

Rich, detailed insight enable the study of unusual behaviour
Often used to support/challenge other larger-scale research

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49

Case Study- Limitations

Can be prone to researcher bias
Not reliable and has very little population validity

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50

Content Analysis

Producing quantitative data by categorising qualitative data into meaningful unit and counting how many times they occur

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51

Pre-existing Categories

Categories set before research begins

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52

Emergent Categories

Categories emerge when examining data

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