African Americans & Social Protest Final

What was The Woodlawn Organization? What was it significance?

A Chicago community group fighting urban renewal and discrimination. Significance: Expanded Civil Rights activism into the North and focused on economic/community control. One of the largest AA organization

Aftermath of the Birmingham Movement

Forced national attention, pushed the Civil Rights Act, increased activism, increased backlash. It failed due to the lack of support from AA middle class and masses. AA faced terror

The popularization of the "black power" slogan (when, where, by whom, how did the concept evolve, positive contributions, limitations)

Stokely Carmichael (SNCC) popularized the phrase "Black Power"

In Greenwood, MI on May 16, 1968 (March Against Fear)

The concept evolved because Carmichael felt that we had been saying " freedom" for too long, the phrase was being used for younger individuals

Pride turned to political ideology

What was the problem with the term "black power"

cannot relate to the black religious experience, nor to the black church

Who was the person who intergrated the University of Mississippi?

James Meredith

Integrated Ole' Miss

Began a march against fear, and he was shot down

The name given to the James Meredith March:

March against Fear 1966

According to Martin Luther King Jr., when did the movement enter its economic justice phase?

SELMA MOVEMENT

When infact-segregated began, the schools were not segregated, but the neighborhoods were. Around 1966–1967 leading to the Poor People’s Campaign.

When did the interracial movement supporting the civil rights movement disintegrate? Why?

Late 1960s due to backlash, Black Power rise, Northern tensions, shift to economic issues.

Why is the book called Impossible Democracy?

Democracy limited by racism and inequality.

The civil rights movement’s influence on the American Democracy?

Repersentative Democracy (civil rights movements) Partcipatory Democracy (The War on Peroverty Community Action Programs)

Expanded participation, strengthened protections, broadened equality.

What causes community action to expand? What caused it to contract?

Great Society funding.

Nixon cuts and restrictions

What was the key idea behind the Black Panther Party

Black power for black people "bottom up symbolizes empowerment."

Black determination, self defense

Why did the Poor People’s Movement Fail

King’s death, weak leadership, poor planning, government resistance, internal divisions.

applied tactics of a Southern based civil rights to a national movement (violence unneeded), empahasis on national instead of local, SCLC stragtefy was top-down and ran by middle class men, unable to meet needs of poor of diverse backgrounds, LBJ used any means nesscassry to make sure it was unsuccessful

Who led the Poor People’s Campaign?

King → Ralph Abernathy.

When did the civil rights movement reach its peak?

Early 1960s

When did the civil rights Movement start to decline? and Why?

1965, Repression, assassinations (MLK, Malcolm X) fragmentation, loss of support.

What were the factors associated with the declining organization strength of the civil rights movement according to Doug McAdams

Declining organizational strength

The contraction of political opportunities

a pessimistic collective assessment of the prospects for insurgency

an unfavorable response to insurgency

dissension over goals and the proliferation of issues

The proliferation of organizations and the subsequent decline of the four major civil rights organizations

The rise of inter-movement conflict

geographic diffusion of the movement

Who were the three civil rights workers killed in Philadelphia, Mississippi

James Chings

Michael Swerner

Andrew Goodman

Stages of the decline of the African American Freedom Movement

Militancy and the Media (1965-1970)

Consolidation and Reserves (1971-1975)

The period of Retrenchment (1976-1979)

The Resurgence of Racism and the Reagan/Bush Years (1980-1992)

The Clinton/ GW Bush Years (1992-2008)

Obama Administration (2008-2016)

The Trump Era of American Race Relations (2016- )

From where did Ronald Reagan Launch his 1980 Presidential Campaign?

Philadelphia, Mississippi.

Why did Kenneth B. Clark predict that King's SCLC strategy would not work in the North?

Because it was a hit and run strategy, majority of the individuals upnorth were in college , therefore charismatic styles did not fly, they wanted a leader with a grassroot style of leading

Federal government actions taken that were intended to disruopt AA Fredom Movement (e.g., FBI COINTELPRO program)

nfiltration, misinformation, surveillance, arrests, sabotage.

Who was charged with murder after a 1970 courthouse shootout in San Rafael, California?

Angela Davis.

What federal government agecy suppressed civil rights activists and their movements?

FBI

What demands were made at the 1970 national black political convention in Gary, Indiana

Financial Reparations for African Americans

proportional congressional representation for AAs

increase in federal spending combating crime and drug trafficking

reduction of the military budget

a guaranteed annual income of $6,500 for a family of four

Methods use in the COINTELPRO Movement

Infiltration (FBI members pretended to be a part of the club)

Psychological Warfare

Harassment through the Legal System

Extra Legal Force and Violence

What were the 3 reconstructions?

The First Reconstruction (The abolition of Slavery)

The Second Reconstruction (Civil Rights)

The Third Reconstruction (Economic Justice)

What is the focus of the Third Reconstruction?

Economic inequality, policing, incarceration, voting rights.

The orgins of the Movement for Black Lives

Protests after police killings (Trayvon Martin, Mike Brown, Eric Garner).

Leaders of the Movement for Black Lives

Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, Opal Tometi

The Media’s Impact on the Movement for Black Lives

Mobilized national protests, amplified brutality, caused backlash.

The Role of Women in the Movement of Black Lives

Central leadership, intersectional issues.

What is BLM?

Movement against systemic racism and state violence.

Who said “This ain’t your granparent’s civil rights movement?”

Tef Poe

!SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

A group of college students who prompted non-violent sit-ins

The Freedom Riders- the riders and jail ends were seen as tactics, they were captured the attention of nation.

Their goal was to force the federal government change laws

Logistics- People had to be recruited, to drive the bus to Montgomery, they trained people to endure non-violence

!The Urban League

very conservative

works really close with White Power structures

!Events in the south after the Birmingham movement

The March on Washington

The Poor People Campaign

Operation Bread Basket

operated by Jesse Jackson

!Angela davis

The female representation of the black power and defense

!Medgar evers

NAACP secretary in Jackson

assignated in his driveway after he made the announcement about ending all segregation in Mississippi

!Stokely Carmichael (Kwame toule)

part of SNCC and the Freedom Riders

became chairman in 1966

arrested 27 times

stated he wouldn't get arrested anymore

made the Black power movement more militant

!Franz fanon

Fanon was a political radical, and an existentialist humanist concerning the psychopathology of colonization, and the human, social, and cultural consequences of decolonization.

"Black Skin, White Masks"

!Who was the person who grew up in Birmingham and was deeply affected by the bombings that killed the 4 young girls

Angela Davis

!According to Sitkoff, what brought Mississippi Freedom Summer to national attention?

The brutal overreaction of the police

white lives matter since black lives do not

!Did the war on poverty fail or succeed? Why?

the war on poverty succeed - not economically but in a way where they just wanted to shake things up

!Who started the black panther party

founded by Huey P. Newton & Bobby Seal

!Who was Mariah Wright Eldelman?

founder of the Children's Defense Fund

worked for the NAACP legal and defense fund in New York

The first African American woman admitted to the bar

founded a public interest advocacy group

"the Washington Research Project"

Lobbied Congress to expand Head Start and organize child and family nutrition programs