AP2 Practical 1

hypothalamus

major controller of endocrine glands; secretes releasing & inhibiting hormones to control activity of anterior pituitary; produces ADH & oxytocin to be released by posterior pituitary

pituitary gland

also called the hypophysis; located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone; connected to the hypothalamus via the infundibulum; consists of two lobes

anterior pituitary

lobe of the pituitary also called the adenohypophysis; consists of 3 divisions

posterior pituitary

lobe of the pituitary also called the neurohypophysis; consists of the pars nervosa

pineal gland

gland which lies in the posterior portion of the roof of the third ventricle; produces melatonin

thyroid gland

gland which lies anterior to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx; consists of two lobes connected by isthmus; produces T3, T4 hormones

parathyroid glands

4 glands embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland; produces PTH

adrenal glands

glands which lie along the superior border of each kidney; consists of the cortex & medulla

pancreas

lies between the inferior border of the stomach & proximal portion of small intestine

thymus

produces thymosins

colloid-filled follicles

hollow spheres lined by cuboidal epithelium, containing viscous colloid in cavity

C cells

cells between thyroid follicles which produce calcitonin

Chief (principal) cells

cells of the parathyroid that produce PTH

zona glomerulosa

2 in the diagram; outer layer of the adrenal cortex which produces mineralocorticoids AKA aldosterone

zona fasiculata

3 in the diagram; middle layer of the adrenal cortex which makes up 78% of it; produces glucocorticoids AKA cortisol

zona reticularis

4 in the diagram; inner layer of adrenal cortex which produces androgens

adrenal medulla

5 in the diagram; produces epinephrine & norepinephrine

pancreatic acini

#1 in diagram; clusters of exocrine cells which produce digestive enzymes

pancreatic islets

2 in the diagram; endocrine cells producing insulin, glucagon, & somatostatin

neutrophils

make up 50-70% of WBCs; multilobed nucleus

eosinophils

make up 2-4% of WBCs; bilobed nucleus; red cytoplasmic granules

basophils

make up less than 1% of WBCs; bilobed nucleus; purplish-black cytoplasmic granules

lymphocytes

make up 20-30% of WBCs; large spherical nucleus

monocytes

make up 3-8% of WBCs; kidney-shaped nucleus

right atrium

right ventricle

left atrium

left ventricle

interventricular septum

tricuspid valve

valve that lets blood from right atrium into right ventricle

pulmonary valve

semilunar valve that lets blood from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk & arteries

bicuspid valve

AKA the mitral valve; lets blood from left atrium to left ventricle

aortic valve

semillunar valve which lets blood from left ventricle into aorta

chordae tendineae

tiny white collagenic cords which anchor the cuspts of the tricuspid valve to the ventricular walls

papillary muscles

small bundles of cardiac muscle that project from the myocardial wall & connect to chordae tendineae

epicardium

AKA visceral pericardium; outer layer of heart wall

myocardium

muscular wall of heart; thickest layer

endocardium

inner surfaces of heart including valves

base of heart

apex of heart

moderator band

bundle of cardiac muscle fibers connecting the interventricular septum to the anterior papillary muscles

superior vena cava

large vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the upper part of the body to the right atrium

inferior vena cava

brings oxygen poor blood from the lower part of the body to the right atrium

coronary sinus

enlarged vessel on the posterior aspect of the heart that empties blood into the right atrium

right coronary artery

left coronary artery

circumflex artery

anterior interventricular artery

pulmonary veins

The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

fossa ovalis

a remnant site of foramen ovale in fetus; right atrium

pulmonary trunk

branches into R & L pulmonary arteries

ligamentum arteriosum

remnant of ductus arteriosus in fetus

parietal pericardium

portion of pericardium close to the chest wall

intercalated discs

cardiac cycle

consists of 2 phases: systole & diastole; lasts about 800msec

systole

contraction phase of cardiac cycle

diastole

relaxation phase of cardiac cycle

S1

first heart sound, produced by AV valves

S2

second heart sound, produced by semilunar valves

opthalmoscope

instrument used to illuminate the inside of the eye and view the vascularizatuon of the retina

infectious mononucleosis

blood infection/disease where lymphocytes are atypical & reactive

monocytic leukemia

a form of leukemia in which there is dominance/large amounts of monocytes

chronic granulocytic leukemia

a form of leukemia in which there is an abundance of granulocytes

sickle cell anemia

disease where red blood cells (eurythrocytes) are crescent/C shaped

eosinophilia

an increased amount of eosinophils in the blood

hemolytic disease of newborns

When mothers blood has a different RH factor than the fetuses and the mothers immune system attacks the fetuses red blood cellss

RhoGAM

an immune serum that prevents a mother's blood from becoming sensitized to foreign antibodies from her fetus (prevents hemolytic disease)

nystagmus

involuntary, jerking movements of the eyes

acini cells

exocrine cells located in the pancreas (not islet cells, darker part of the pancreas tissue)

chief/principal cells

cells located in the parathyroid that produce PTH

pancreatic islet (islet of Langerhans)

clusters in pancreas tissue filled with endocrine cells (alpha (A) cells and beta (B) cells); usually a lighter color

mediastinum

area between the lungs containing the heart, aorta, venae cavae, esophagus, and trachea; inside the thoracic cavity

serous pericardium

double membrane composed of an outer parietal layer and an inner visceral layer that surrounds the heart; filled in the pericardial cavity with serous fluid

tachycardia

rapid heart rate (above 100 bpm)

bradycardia

slow heart rate (less than 60 bpm)

normal sinus rhythm (NSR)

heart rate of 60 - 100 BPM

follicular cell

cells in the the thyroid tissue that surround colloid filled follicle

Parafollicular cells (C cells)

flattened cells between follicles in the thyroid, secrete calcitonin

Weber test

Test done by placing the stem of a vibrating tuning fork on the midline of the head and having the patient indicate in which ear the tone can be heard; tests for unilateral deafness

Rinne test

hearing test using a tuning fork; checks for differences in bone conduction and air conduction; tests for sensorineural deafness

Romburg (Balance) test

test done by standing flat with feet both on the ground and eyes closed, then again with one leg up; tests to see if static equilibrium receptors are working

Barany test

rotation test for assessment of vestibular function; testing for nystagmus; can be done by spinning in chair then observing eyes

Conduction deafness

when there is a decreased ability to conduct the energy of sound waves through the external & middle ear to hearing receptors in inner ear; can be due to ear wax build up, damage to tympanic membrane or fusion of auditory ossicles

sensorineural deafness

caused by damage to hearing receptors, cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve, or neural pathways of auditory cortex

static equilibrium receptors

provide information about body position relative to the force of gravity (standing upright vs. being upside down)

dynamic equilibrium receptors

provide information about body position in response to sudden movement such as rotation, acceleration, and deceleration (spinning, going faster, stopping)

vertigo

sensation of circular motion either of oneself or external objects; severe cases may be accompanied by nystagmus

systolic pressure

highest arterial pressure reached during ventricular systole (top number of BP); usually 100-139 mmHg

diastolic pressure

lowest arterial pressure reached during ventricular diastole (lower number on BP); normal is 60-89 mmHg

sphygmomanometer

another name for blood pressure cuff; used to measure blood pressure

R wave to R wave

how to measure BPM on biopac