2

true

Schooling in the 21st Century is not limited to including only three Rs among children. It also emphasis Children‘s social well-being and allowing students to choose form their own study topics instead of following a set curriculum.

bicultural identity

helps the individual to live as a member of two cultures with two

cultural identities, without having to choose one over the

other

Alfred Binet

He devised one of the first intelligence test to distinguish between children who can study in a normal school and one that would require special education.

Alfred Binet

He developed pragmatic approaches to test construction. He did not hold any preconception as to what intelligence was. He used the trial and error approach to measuring intelligence.

Alfred Binet

According to him intelligence tests helped to predict school performance. These tests do not provide useful information for other attributes such as social skills or personality traits.

deviation IQ

Today, IQ scores are calculated in a sophisticated manner known as d___ IQ.

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, 05th Edition (SB5):

• It began as an American Revision of Binet‘s original test.

• The test consists of age appropriate item.

• Older children are asked to explain proverbs, solve analogies and describe similarities between words.

• Test takers are given progressively more difficult problems until they are unable to proceed.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 04th Edition (WISC – IV)

This is another measure of intelligence which is grouped in to verbal and performance score.

Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children 02nd Edition (KABC – II)

• It tests children‘s ability to integrate different kinds of stimuli simultaneously and to use sequential thinking.

• KABC – II‘s greatest merit is its flexibility which it allows test giver.

• It permits the test giver to use alternative wordings or gestures or even pose questions in different language in order to maximize performance.

• This makes testing more practically oriented and valid as well as equitable for those children whose second language is English.

fluid intelligence

It reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning and memory.

Crystallised Intelligence

It refers to the cumulative information, skills and strategies people have learned and can apply in solving problems.

Catell

He divided intelligence into two types: Fluid and Crstallized Intelligences.

Spatial Intelligence

It is used to perceive visual and spatial information and to conceptualize the world in tasks like navigation and in art.

• Painter Pablo Picasso is high in this.

Interpersonal intelligence

It involves understanding others and acting on that understanding and is exemplified by psychiatrist Sigmund Freud.

dynamic assessment

According to Vygotsky assessment of intelligence task should

involve cooperative interaction between the assessed

individual and the assessor – a process which we call

d___ assessment.

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Robert Sternberg (2003) viewed Intelligence as

information processing ability. According to this view most

precise concept of intelligence is provided by how people

store material in memory and later uses it to solve

intellectual task.

WHAT THEORY?

processes

Information processing approach is not

interested in the structure of intelligence, it is rather

concerned with ____ underlying intelligence.

true

People with high IQ scores spend more time on the initial stage of problem solving and retrieving irrelevant information from memory.

The Componential Aspect

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.

• It reflects how efficiently people process and analyse information. Efficiency in these areas allow people:

  • To infer relationships among different parts of a problem.

  • Solve the problem.

  • Evaluate their solution.

  • Individuals strong on this aspect score highest on traditional tests of intelligence.

The Experiential Aspect

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.

• Refers to insightful component of intelligence.

• Those who have a strong e____ aspect can easily compare new material with what they know.

• They can also combine and relate known facts to novel and creative ways.

The Contextual Aspect

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.

• Deals with practical aspects of intelligence.

• It deals with everyday demands.

true

• For example urban individuals, rural people, certain races and ethnic groups, etc., differ with respect to intelligence.

• Differences in intelligence between these groups reflect prior experiences, cultural backgrounds that can influence test scores.

Groups differ in intelligence.

The Bell Curve

Herrnstein and Murray (1994) published a controversial book titled TBC.

biological causes

The most common type of retardation having b___ causes includes:

i) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

ii) Down‘s Syndrome

iii) Retardation due to birth complications such as temporary

lack of oxygen, etc.

Mild Mental Retardation

• 90%

• They score in the range of 50 or 55 to 70 on IQ test.

• Their retardation may not be identified before they reach school.

• Their early development is often slower than average. With appropriate training these children can reach third to sixth grade level.

• They cannot do complex intellectual tasks but they can hold jobs and function independently and successfully.

Moderate Mental Retardation

Retardation:

• 05 % to 10 % of the children suffer.

• They are slow to develop language and motor skills.

• Cannot study in normal schools.

• They generally cannot progress beyond a 02nd grade level.

• They can learn occupational and social skills.

• They can also learn to travel independently to familiar places.

Severe Mental Retardation

Mental retardation

• Their IQs range between 20 to 25 to 35 or 40.

Profound Mental Retardation

Mental Retardation

• Their IQ is below 20 to 25.

gifted child

• Defined as one who show evidence of high performance capability in such areas as intellectual, creative, artistic, leadership capacity or specific academic fields and who require services or activities not ordinarily provided by the school in order to fully develop such capabilities.

• Research studies have revealed that these children tend to be outgoing, well-adjusted and popular.

Acceleration and Enrichment

Two approaches have been devised to teach the gifted and talented.

acceleration

Two approaches have been devised to teach the gifted and talented.

• It allows gifted students to move ahead at their own

  pace, even if this means skipping grade levels.

• The materials in these programs are not always different.

• They may simply be provided at a faster pace than for average student.

enrichment

Two approaches have been devised to teach the gifted and talented.

• In this program individuals are kept in the same class

  (i.e., grade level but are enrolled in special programs and

  given individual activities to allow greater depth of study.

• The material differs not only in the timing of its presentation, but in its sophistication as well.

• Are designed to provide an intellectual challenge to the gifted student, encouraging higher order thinking.