Clinical Chemistry 2 cards

What is the relationship between energy and wavelength?

Inverse relationship

What color with the highest energy (shortest wavelength) with 400nm?

Violet

What color with the longest wavelength with 700nm?

Red

Beer-Lambert Law

This are the formulas for?
○ A= abc
○ A= 2-log%T
○ 𝐴𝑢 / 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐶𝑢 / Cs

400-700 nm (380 - 720nm)

The range of spectrum that light can be seen?

4-400 nm

The range of Ultraviolet light wavelengths.

700nm-0.3cm

The range of Infrared light wavelenghts.

Light source used for visible and near-infrared ranges.

Tungsten-halogen lamp

Ultraviolet (UV) light source. (Also used to disinfect rooms during pandemic)

Mercury arc lamp

Xenon-arc lamp, Deuterium discharge lamp

The other high-intensity UV/visible light sources.

Monochromator

Device (prisms, diffraction gratings, filters) that isolates a specific wavelength from the light source.

Cuvette

holder for the sample; typically transparent; preferred square-end for Beer’s Law measurements.

Spectrophotometer with two cuvettes and two detectors to compare sample and reference.

Double-Beam In-space spectrophotometer

Double-beam setup with a single detector reading samples sequentially.

Double-Beam In-time spectrophotometer

Two monochromator

The difference between FLUOROMETER from Double-Beam In-space spectrophotometer

Excitation light

Light from the light source that excites the fluorophore; typically high energy/short wavelength (UV in fluorometers).

Fluorescent light

Light emitted by the excited fluorophore. The faint amount of light that escaped from the analyte.

Primary monochromator

Isolates the specific excitation wavelength before it reaches the sample.

Secondary monochromator

Isolates the specific fluorescent light emitted by the analyte.

500 - 1000x

Fluorometer is ________ more sensitive and more specific than conventional spectrophotometers.

In fluorometry, the excitation light should be of ______ energy and ______ wavelength?

High, low

Quenching

Decrease in fluorescence; a major disadvantage in fluorometry.

Flame Emission Photometer

Instrument that measures light emitted by an analyte after exposure to a flame.

What color Sodium produces upon exposure to flame?

Yellow

What color Potassium produces upon exposure to flame?

Violet

What color Lithium produces upon exposure to flame?

Red

Internal standard

An element added as a reference that must not be present in the specimen.

Hollow cathode lamp

Light source for atomic absorption spectroscopy, coated with the analyte being measured.

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS)

• Measures analytes not easily excited by flame

• Ca and Mg reference method

• Uses hollow cathode lamp and flame as atomizer.

Reflectance Photometry

Principle of KODAK EKTACHEM, VITROS (for CC) and AUTOMATED DIPSTICK READERS (for AUBF).

Nephelometer

• Measures light scattered by particles

• Cuvette must be transparent

• Used for immunoglobulins and leukocyte analysis (forward and side scatter).

Turbidimeter

• Measures light blocked by particles in solution

• Used for standardization of suspensions and coagulation testing.

McFarland standard 0.5

A turbidity standard used to calibrate bacterial suspensions for antimicrobial testing.

Westgard multirule

QC rules (e.g., 22s, 41s, 10x, 12s, 13s, R4s) used to detect errors in analytical runs.

Levey-Jennings control chart

QC chart used to record and monitor laboratory control results.

Quality Assurance (QA)

Comprehensive system of procedures to ensure reliable patient results across pre-, intra-, and post-analytic phases.

Quality Control (QC)

Part of QA focused on the analytical phase, includes internal and external QC.

Accreditation

Process by which an agency recognizes a program or institution meets predefined standards.

Certification

Evaluation of an individual by a private organization (e.g., ASCP).

Delta Check

Comparison of current results with previous results to detect significant changes.

Repeatability is measured under same conditions while Reproducibility are performed under changed conditions.

The difference of repeatability and reproducibility are?

The degree to which a method is easily repeated.

Practicability

What screening rule or warning rule is used for rejection?

1_2s

<40 and >500

What are the critical or panic values for Glucose?

>18 mg/dL

What are the critical or panic values for Bilirubin esp. for Newborns?

Lactose

Galactose + Glucose, also known as Milk sugar

Sucrose

Fructose + Glucose, also known as Table sugar

transient postprandial hyperglycemia

What is the term for the temporary rise in blood sugar 30 mins after eating?

C-peptide

What fragment must be removed from proinsulin to activate it into insulin?

Fasting venous plasma

What is the standard clinical specimen for glucose?

Cortisol levels are higher in the morning (6-8 am)

When is Cortisol levels high?

It is looking for the DISAPPEARANCE of the COLOR known as Inverse colorimetry.

In Hagedorn Jensen/Inverse colorimetry, what is the principle of used in measuring the analyte?

The positive color of O-toluidine method is?

Green

Hexokinase-G6PD

The reference method of Glucose analysis.

Apo A-II (HDL)

What Apolipoprotein may inhibit lipoprotein and hepatic lipases and increases plasma triglyceride.

Chylomicrons

What lipoprotein contains the highest TAGs?

Beta-VLDL (β-VLDL)

• Floating beta lipoprotein.

• Found in Type III dysbetalipoproteinemia.

Lp (a)

• Sinking pre-betalipoprotein.

• Found in premature atherosclerosis.

LpX

• Migrates toward the cathode during agar electrophoresis.

• Found in obstructive biliary diseases.

Sodium periodate

Reagent used in Chemical method of TAgs to convert glycerol into formaldehyde.

alcoholic potassium hydroxide

Reagent used in Chemical method of Cholesterol split cholesterol esters into free cholesterol and fatty acids.

8.6

Most common pH used in protein electrophoresis

Coomassie Brilliant Blue, Amido Black, Ponceau S

In serum protein electrophoresis, what are the stains used for the zones/ regions?

Electrophoretic Patterns

seen in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Beta gamma bridging

Electrophoretic Patterns

seen in patients with acute inflammation.

Increase Alpha 1 and Alpha 2

Electrophoretic Patterns

seen in patients with nephrotic syndrome.

Decrease albumin and Increase alpha 2

Electrophoretic Patterns

seen in patients with emphysema.

Decrease Alpha 1

Increase Beta

Electrophoretic Patterns

seen when plasma electrophoresis is performed and not serum electrophoresis.

Kjeldahl Method

The reference method of protein analysis that consists of Acid digestion to release ammonium ions from nitrogen-containing compounds.

Biuret Method

Measures protein based on their peptide bonds.

Positive result of Violet color.