L6 Organic reactions + conditions

alkene + halogen ->

Dihaloalkane

Alkene + hydrogen halide ->

haloalkane

Alkene + steam ->

alcohol

Alkene + steam (conditions)

heat, phosphoric acid catalyst

alkene + sulphuric acid ->

alkyl hydrogen sulphate

Markovnikov's Rule

hydrogen will add to the least substituted carbon of the double bond

alkenes react by which type of reaction

addition

alkenes react by which type of mechanism

electrophilic addition

reason for markovnikov's rule

carbocation stability increases with increasing R groups due to inductive effect of alkyl groups

alkane + halogen radical ->

haloaklane + hydrogen halide

alkane and halogen radical - conditions

UV light

alkane and halogen radical - mechanism

free radical substitution

haloalkane + halogen radical ->

dihaloalkane + hydrogen halide

haloalkane + NaOH (in hot ethanol) -->

alkene + water + halide salt

haloalkane + NaOH (in hot ethanol) mechanism

elimination

haloalkane and NaOH (in hot ethanol) reagent type

base

Haloalkane and NaOH (in aqueous conditions) - mechanism

substitution

Haloalkane + NaOH --> (in aqueous conditions)

alcohol + halide salt

Haloalkane NaOH (in aqueous conditions) - reagent type

Nucleophile

Haloalkane + Alcoholic KCN -->

nitrile + halide salt

haloalkane + excess ammonia -->

amine + ammonium salt

Oxidation of alcohols (oxidising agent)

acidified potassium dichromate

1y Alcohol + [O] (product)

aldehyde + water

2y Alcohol + [O] (condition)

reflux

2y Alcohol + [O] (product)

ketone + water

1y alcohol + 2[O], reflux (product)

Carboxylic acid + water

aldehyde + [O] - reflux (product)

Carboxylic acid

3y alcohol + [O], reflux (product)

No reaction

Alcohol -> Alkene (Mechanism)

elimination/dehydration

alcohol -> alkene (conditions and reagent)

reflux, conc. phosphoric or sulphuric acid catalyst

hydration of ethene (conditions)

300°C, 60-70 atm, phosphoric acid (catalyst)