CHW3M Greece & Rome exam review

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Units 3 and 4

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43 Terms

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Battle of Marathon

  • Battle occurred under Darius the Great

  • Pheidippides ran the original “Marathon”, all the way to Sparta and back to ask the Spartans for help.

  • Persians faked attack @ Marathon but actually sent ships to Athens, equaling numbers at the battle of Marathon

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Battle of Thermopylae

  • The battle occurred under Xerxes, through the Hellespont; using wires as thick as humans to cross.

  • Athens and Sparta were together and defended in Thermopylae.

7000 Greeks vs 25000 Persian men

300 Spartans vs 10,000 Immortals

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Battle of Salamis

The battle occurred under Xerxes.

  • Naval battle

  • Greeks had triremes, with 3 levels of rowers

  • The Persians were already tired from rowing all the way there but Greeks were not.

  • Greek win, Xerxes ran home.

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Battle of Plataea

  • One of the generals launched small attacks to weaken the Greeks but died in the process

  • Persians took over the Greek water supply and forced the Greeks to retreat. The Greeks were disorganized, which caused Mardonius to launch attacks at the Spartans.

  • Spartans had an advantage since they were fighting downhill

  • One of the Spartans Picked up a stone and threw it at the Persian commander, killing him

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Mycenae vs Minoans - Who was the earliest Greek Civilization?

Minoans were first.

The Minoans were in Crete pre-7000 BCE.

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Thermopylae Meaning

Thermopylae means “Hot Gates”.

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What is a Polis

A Greek city state

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Plato

  • Believed in a perfect reflection of our own unperfect world

  • Political theorist

  • Created Western University and was a teacher to Ancient Greece

  • Called people “featherless birds”

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Socrates

  • Socratic method

    • Ask further questions to prompt deeper thinking rather than giving a plain answer to students

  • Was sentenced to death for corrupting the youth and challenging the Greek authorities and gods

  • Blamed for the loss of the Peloponnesian

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Aristotle

  • Ethos, Pathos, Logos

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Eratosthenes

  • Earth is not flat

  • Estimated the circumference of the earth (very accurately)

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Hippocrates

  • Hippocratic Oath for doctors

  • Prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment, using science rather than religion to heal

  • Believed in the 4 humours to explain health, and that illness came from them being unbalanced

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Archimedes

  • Displacement of water

  • Boat buoyancy

  • Figured this out while sitting in a bathtub and then got up running around yelling “eureka!”

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Herodotus

  • Father of history

  • Wrote about Persian wars

  • Sometimes biased towards Greeks

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Greek Oracle @ Delphi

  • Sanctuary on the top of a hilltop where people would ask priestesses or priests questions about their future

  • Apollo would answer those questions

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Minoans vs Mycenaeans - which is Greek?

Mycenaeans - Greek

Minoans - NOT Greek.

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Spartan life

  • At age 7 boys started military training. Learnt how to withstand pain, be obedient, cunning, and resilient; never admitting defeat.

  • At the age of 30, they became full citizens who could vote, marry, hold office, own property, and own slaves.

  • Women had lots of rights too; Girls were encouraged to join sports and given training in both music and dance. Women had rights to own property and marriage rights.

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Athenian Life

Help Idk what to put here I don’t remember anything on this can you help Elleeeee

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Linear A

First script developed on Crete. Undecipherable.

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Linear B

Language of the Mycenaeans. Decipherable.

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Founding of our Alphabet

The Phoenicians invented it (East on the map)

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Iliad / Odyssey

Written by Homer. Told the story of Troy

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Olympic games

The Olympic games were Panhellenic games done in the name of Zeus.

Prize games: Money 🤑

Crown Games: Sacred crown of a tree as a prize 👑

The Olympics were shut down in 393CE when Theodosius I ordered that all Pagan sanctuaries be closed.

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Delian league

An alliance of Greek states to keep Persians in check. Primarily led by Athens.

The treasury for this league was kept on the island of Delios

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Peloponnesian League

Alliance of other Greek states, but instead led by Sparta.

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Peloponnesian War

Pericles wanted Athens to be the undisputed leader of the Mediterranean, and wanted to fight Sparta.

  • Delian League vs. Peloponnesian League.

  • Athenians stopped farming and relied on imports, which brought in the plague. This killed 1/3 of the population, including Pericles

  • Socrates was blamed for the loss and killed

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Hoplites

Greek soldiers, positioned themselves in Phalanxes.

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What is a Tyrant?

Anyone who takes rulership unlawfully.

  • Doesn’t necessarily make them a bad leader.

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Helots

Spartan slaves

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Role of Women

  • Women were generally second class citizens

  • Girls stayed at home to learn basics, but mostly how to weave, work with wool, and how to take care of the home

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Colonization of Sicily

Farmers couldn’t grow enough food to feed everyone, so they made colonies in other places to farm and send food back to the mother cities.

  • Greeks built so many cities in southern Italy & Sicily, that it was nicknamed “Greater Greece”.

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Ostracism

  • “Ostraka”

  • The ability for the city to send any citizen and his family into exhile

  • 6000 votes needed to be casted, and these were done on pottery shards.

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Phillip II

  • Alexander the Great’s father.

  • Wanted to take over all of Greece and then the eastern world.

  • King of Macedonia

  • Had retirement plan for troops

  • Troops would march backwards

  • Loooooooonnnggggg spears

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Alexander the Great

  • Studied under Aristotle

  • He wanted to take over the eastern world, following in his father’s footsteps.

  • His army fought elephants and many died

  • He died two years later mysteriously.

  • His 3 dynasties were Seleucid, Ptolemaic, & Antigonid

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Marius’ mules + Roman legion

  • Marius ended seasonal campaigning, and started paid “standing armies”

  • Roman legions were the biggest military unit that the Romans had.

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1st Punic War + what does Punic mean

Basically means “war with Carthage”

1st Punic War

  • Hamilcar Barca (Carthaginian leader) lost to Romans in Sicily

  • He became super vengeful, passing that vengeance onto his son, Hannibal

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2nd Punic War

  • Carthage led by Hannibal

  • Left Spain through the cold Alps, lost lots of men

  • Publius Cornelius Scipio Lost in Alps battle

  • Many battles, which Hannibal won all of

  • Romans slowly pushed back and were able to invade northern Africa

  • Eventually defeated Carthaginians by Publius Cornelius Scipio II (Africanus)

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3rd Punic War

  • Started by Carthaginians as revenge, but battles were mostly held in Carthage

  • Romans won led by Publius Scipio Aemilianus (Africunus’ grandson)

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Characteristics of Roman world

  • Roman numerals

  • Fondness for blood Sports

  • Belief in the Underworld

  • Fortune telling

  • Purple robes + Ivory thrones of Etruscan kings

  • Struggled for survival; little interest in philosophy

  • Virtues were discipline, piety, dignity, seriousness, & practicality.

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First Triumvirate Members

  • Julius Caesar

  • Magnus Pompey

  • Marcus Licinius Crassus

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Etruscans + first and last monarch

  • Settled in North Eastern Italy

  • Alphabet based on Greek alphabet

  • Religion was based on human-like Gods learned from Greeks

  • Complicated rituals for divining the future

First monarch: Romulus
Last monarch: Tarquin the Proud

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Romulus and Remus Story

  • Sylvia had kids with the planet Mars

  • Kids got raised by wolves

  • The kids got found by a shepherd and taken in, leading their stories to get spread

  • The old king (Numitor) found out, and wanted to meet them; he told them to overthrow the current king (Amulius)

  • Went to the temple of Mars to save Sylvia and bring her back to the castle

  • Romulus killed Remus and the city was named Rome

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Patricians vs plebeians

Patricians:

  • Rich, land-owning Aristocrats

Plebians:

  • Poor and Landless