CHW3M Greece & Rome exam review

Units 3 and 4

Battle of Marathon

Battle of Marathon

• Battle occurred under Darius the Great

• Pheidippides ran the original “Marathon”, all the way to Sparta and back to ask the Spartans for help.
  

• Persians faked attack @ Marathon but actually sent ships to Athens, equaling numbers at the battle of Marathon

Battle of Thermopylae

• The battle occurred under Xerxes, through the Hellespont; using wires as thick as humans to cross.

• Athens and Sparta were together and defended in Thermopylae.

7000 Greeks vs 25000 Persian men

300 Spartans vs 10,000 Immortals

Battle of Salamis

The battle occurred under Xerxes.

• Naval battle

• Greeks had triremes, with 3 levels of rowers

• The Persians were already tired from rowing all the way there but Greeks were not.

• Greek win, Xerxes ran home.

Battle of Plataea

• One of the generals launched small attacks to weaken the Greeks but died in the process

• Persians took over the Greek water supply and forced the Greeks to retreat. The Greeks were disorganized, which caused Mardonius to launch attacks at the Spartans.

• Spartans had an advantage since they were fighting downhill

• One of the Spartans Picked up a stone and threw it at the Persian commander, killing him

Mycenae vs Minoans - Who was the earliest Greek Civilization?

Minoans were first.

The Minoans were in Crete pre-7000 BCE.

Thermopylae Meaning

Thermopylae means “Hot Gates”.

What is a Polis

A Greek city state

Plato

• Believed in a perfect reflection of our own unperfect world

• Political theorist

• Created Western University and was a teacher to Ancient Greece

• Called people “featherless birds”

Socrates

• Socratic method

  • Ask further questions to prompt deeper thinking rather than giving a plain answer to students

• Was sentenced to death for corrupting the youth and challenging the Greek authorities and gods

• Blamed for the loss of the Peloponnesian

Aristotle

• Ethos, Pathos, Logos

Eratosthenes

• Earth is not flat

• Estimated the circumference of the earth (very accurately)

Hippocrates

• Hippocratic Oath for doctors

• Prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment, using science rather than religion to heal

• Believed in the 4 humours to explain health, and that illness came from them being unbalanced

Archimedes

• Displacement of water

• Boat buoyancy

• Figured this out while sitting in a bathtub and then got up running around yelling “eureka!”

Herodotus

• Father of history

• Wrote about Persian wars

• Sometimes biased towards Greeks

Greek Oracle @ Delphi

• Sanctuary on the top of a hilltop where people would ask priestesses or priests questions about their future

• Apollo would answer those questions

Minoans vs Mycenaeans - which is Greek?

Mycenaeans - Greek

Minoans - NOT Greek.

Spartan life

• At age 7 boys started military training. Learnt how to withstand pain, be obedient, cunning, and resilient; never admitting defeat.

• At the age of 30, they became full citizens who could vote, marry, hold office, own property, and own slaves.

• Women had lots of rights too; Girls were encouraged to join sports and given training in both music and dance. Women had rights to own property and marriage rights.

Athenian Life

Help Idk what to put here I don’t remember anything on this can you help Elleeeee ☹

Linear A

First script developed on Crete. Undecipherable.

Linear B

Language of the Mycenaeans. Decipherable.

Founding of our Alphabet

The Phoenicians invented it (East on the map)

Iliad / Odyssey

Written by Homer. Told the story of Troy

Olympic games

The Olympic games were Panhellenic games done in the name of Zeus.

Prize games: Money 🤑

Crown Games: Sacred crown of a tree as a prize 👑

The Olympics were shut down in 393CE when Theodosius I ordered that all Pagan sanctuaries be closed.

Delian league

An alliance of Greek states to keep Persians in check. Primarily led by Athens.

The treasury for this league was kept on the island of Delios

Peloponnesian League

Alliance of other Greek states, but instead led by Sparta.

Peloponnesian War

Pericles wanted Athens to be the undisputed leader of the Mediterranean, and wanted to fight Sparta.

• Delian League vs. Peloponnesian League.

• Athenians stopped farming and relied on imports, which brought in the plague. This killed 1/3 of the population, including Pericles

• Socrates was blamed for the loss and killed

Hoplites

Greek soldiers, positioned themselves in Phalanxes.

What is a Tyrant?

Anyone who takes rulership unlawfully.

• Doesn’t necessarily make them a bad leader.

Helots

Spartan slaves

Role of Women

• Women were generally second class citizens

• Girls stayed at home to learn basics, but mostly how to weave, work with wool, and how to take care of the home

Colonization of Sicily

Farmers couldn’t grow enough food to feed everyone, so they made colonies in other places to farm and send food back to the mother cities.

• Greeks built so many cities in southern Italy & Sicily, that it was nicknamed “Greater Greece”.

Ostracism

• “Ostraka”

• The ability for the city to send any citizen and his family into exhile

• 6000 votes needed to be casted, and these were done on pottery shards.

Phillip II

• Alexander the Great’s father.

• Wanted to take over all of Greece and then the eastern world.

• King of Macedonia

• Had retirement plan for troops

• Troops would march backwards

• Loooooooonnnggggg spears

Alexander the Great

• Studied under Aristotle

• He wanted to take over the eastern world, following in his father’s footsteps.

• His army fought elephants and many died

• He died two years later mysteriously.

• His 3 dynasties were Seleucid, Ptolemaic, & Antigonid

Marius’ mules + Roman legion

• Marius ended seasonal campaigning, and started paid “standing armies”

• Roman legions were the biggest military unit that the Romans had.

1st Punic War + what does Punic mean

Basically means “war with Carthage”

1st Punic War

• Hamilcar Barca (Carthaginian leader) lost to Romans in Sicily

• He became super vengeful, passing that vengeance onto his son, Hannibal

2nd Punic War

• Carthage led by Hannibal

• Left Spain through the cold Alps, lost lots of men

• Publius Cornelius Scipio Lost in Alps battle

• Many battles, which Hannibal won all of

• Romans slowly pushed back and were able to invade northern Africa

• Eventually defeated Carthaginians by Publius Cornelius Scipio II (Africanus)

3rd Punic War

• Started by Carthaginians as revenge, but battles were mostly held in Carthage

• Romans won led by Publius Scipio Aemilianus (Africunus’ grandson)

Characteristics of Roman world

• Roman numerals

• Fondness for blood Sports

• Belief in the Underworld

• Fortune telling

• Purple robes + Ivory thrones of Etruscan kings

• Struggled for survival; little interest in philosophy

• Virtues were discipline, piety, dignity, seriousness, & practicality.

First Triumvirate Members

• Julius Caesar

• Magnus Pompey

• Marcus Licinius Crassus

Etruscans + first and last monarch

• Settled in North Eastern Italy

• Alphabet based on Greek alphabet

• Religion was based on human-like Gods learned from Greeks

• Complicated rituals for divining the future

First monarch: Romulus
Last monarch: Tarquin the Proud

Romulus and Remus Story

• Sylvia had kids with the planet Mars

• Kids got raised by wolves

• The kids got found by a shepherd and taken in, leading their stories to get spread

• The old king (Numitor) found out, and wanted to meet them; he told them to overthrow the current king (Amulius)

• Went to the temple of Mars to save Sylvia and bring her back to the castle

• Romulus killed Remus and the city was named Rome

Patricians vs plebeians

Patricians:

• Rich, land-owning Aristocrats

Plebians:

• Poor and Landless