Battle of Marathon
Battle occurred under Darius the Great
Pheidippides ran the original āMarathonā, all the way to Sparta and back to ask the Spartans for help.
Persians faked attack @ Marathon but actually sent ships to Athens, equaling numbers at the battle of Marathon
Battle of Thermopylae
The battle occurred under Xerxes, through the Hellespont; using wires as thick as humans to cross.
Athens and Sparta were together and defended in Thermopylae.
7000 Greeks vs 25000 Persian men
300 Spartans vs 10,000 Immortals
Battle of Salamis
The battle occurred under Xerxes.
Naval battle
Greeks had triremes, with 3 levels of rowers
The Persians were already tired from rowing all the way there but Greeks were not.
Greek win, Xerxes ran home.
Battle of Plataea
One of the generals launched small attacks to weaken the Greeks but died in the process
Persians took over the Greek water supply and forced the Greeks to retreat. The Greeks were disorganized, which caused Mardonius to launch attacks at the Spartans.
Spartans had an advantage since they were fighting downhill
One of the Spartans Picked up a stone and threw it at the Persian commander, killing him
Mycenae vs Minoans - Who was the earliest Greek Civilization?
Minoans were first.
The Minoans were in Crete pre-7000 BCE.
Thermopylae Meaning
Thermopylae means āHot Gatesā.
What is a Polis
A Greek city state
Plato
Believed in a perfect reflection of our own unperfect world
Political theorist
Created Western University and was a teacher to Ancient Greece
Called people āfeatherless birdsā
Socrates
Socratic method
Ask further questions to prompt deeper thinking rather than giving a plain answer to students
Was sentenced to death for corrupting the youth and challenging the Greek authorities and gods
Blamed for the loss of the Peloponnesian
Aristotle
Ethos, Pathos, Logos
Eratosthenes
Earth is not flat
Estimated the circumference of the earth (very accurately)
Hippocrates
Hippocratic Oath for doctors
Prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment, using science rather than religion to heal
Believed in the 4 humours to explain health, and that illness came from them being unbalanced
Archimedes
Displacement of water
Boat buoyancy
Figured this out while sitting in a bathtub and then got up running around yelling āeureka!ā
Herodotus
Father of history
Wrote about Persian wars
Sometimes biased towards Greeks
Greek Oracle @ Delphi
Sanctuary on the top of a hilltop where people would ask priestesses or priests questions about their future
Apollo would answer those questions
Minoans vs Mycenaeans - which is Greek?
Mycenaeans - Greek
Minoans - NOT Greek.
Spartan life
At age 7 boys started military training. Learnt how to withstand pain, be obedient, cunning, and resilient; never admitting defeat.
At the age of 30, they became full citizens who could vote, marry, hold office, own property, and own slaves.
Women had lots of rights too; Girls were encouraged to join sports and given training in both music and dance. Women had rights to own property and marriage rights.
Athenian Life
Help Idk what to put here I donāt remember anything on this can you help Elleeeee ā¹
Linear A
First script developed on Crete. Undecipherable.
Linear B
Language of the Mycenaeans. Decipherable.
Founding of our Alphabet
The Phoenicians invented it (East on the map)
Iliad / Odyssey
Written by Homer. Told the story of Troy
Olympic games
The Olympic games were Panhellenic games done in the name of Zeus.
Prize games: Money š¤
Crown Games: Sacred crown of a tree as a prize š
The Olympics were shut down in 393CE when Theodosius I ordered that all Pagan sanctuaries be closed.
Delian league
An alliance of Greek states to keep Persians in check. Primarily led by Athens.
The treasury for this league was kept on the island of Delios
Peloponnesian League
Alliance of other Greek states, but instead led by Sparta.
Peloponnesian War
Pericles wanted Athens to be the undisputed leader of the Mediterranean, and wanted to fight Sparta.
Delian League vs. Peloponnesian League.
Athenians stopped farming and relied on imports, which brought in the plague. This killed 1/3 of the population, including Pericles
Socrates was blamed for the loss and killed
Hoplites
Greek soldiers, positioned themselves in Phalanxes.
What is a Tyrant?
Anyone who takes rulership unlawfully.
Doesnāt necessarily make them a bad leader.
Helots
Spartan slaves
Role of Women
Women were generally second class citizens
Girls stayed at home to learn basics, but mostly how to weave, work with wool, and how to take care of the home
Colonization of Sicily
Farmers couldnāt grow enough food to feed everyone, so they made colonies in other places to farm and send food back to the mother cities.
Greeks built so many cities in southern Italy & Sicily, that it was nicknamed āGreater Greeceā.
Ostracism
āOstrakaā
The ability for the city to send any citizen and his family into exhile
6000 votes needed to be casted, and these were done on pottery shards.
Phillip II
Alexander the Greatās father.
Wanted to take over all of Greece and then the eastern world.
King of Macedonia
Had retirement plan for troops
Troops would march backwards
Loooooooonnnggggg spears
Alexander the Great
Studied under Aristotle
He wanted to take over the eastern world, following in his fatherās footsteps.
His army fought elephants and many died
He died two years later mysteriously.
His 3 dynasties were Seleucid, Ptolemaic, & Antigonid
Mariusā mules + Roman legion
Marius ended seasonal campaigning, and started paid āstanding armiesā
Roman legions were the biggest military unit that the Romans had.
1st Punic War + what does Punic mean
Basically means āwar with Carthageā
1st Punic War
Hamilcar Barca (Carthaginian leader) lost to Romans in Sicily
He became super vengeful, passing that vengeance onto his son, Hannibal
2nd Punic War
Carthage led by Hannibal
Left Spain through the cold Alps, lost lots of men
Publius Cornelius Scipio Lost in Alps battle
Many battles, which Hannibal won all of
Romans slowly pushed back and were able to invade northern Africa
Eventually defeated Carthaginians by Publius Cornelius Scipio II (Africanus)
3rd Punic War
Started by Carthaginians as revenge, but battles were mostly held in Carthage
Romans won led by Publius Scipio Aemilianus (Africunusā grandson)
Characteristics of Roman world
Roman numerals
Fondness for blood Sports
Belief in the Underworld
Fortune telling
Purple robes + Ivory thrones of Etruscan kings
Struggled for survival; little interest in philosophy
Virtues were discipline, piety, dignity, seriousness, & practicality.
First Triumvirate Members
Julius Caesar
Magnus Pompey
Marcus Licinius Crassus
Etruscans + first and last monarch
Settled in North Eastern Italy
Alphabet based on Greek alphabet
Religion was based on human-like Gods learned from Greeks
Complicated rituals for divining the future
First monarch: Romulus
Last monarch: Tarquin the Proud
Romulus and Remus Story
Sylvia had kids with the planet Mars
Kids got raised by wolves
The kids got found by a shepherd and taken in, leading their stories to get spread
The old king (Numitor) found out, and wanted to meet them; he told them to overthrow the current king (Amulius)
Went to the temple of Mars to save Sylvia and bring her back to the castle
Romulus killed Remus and the city was named Rome
Patricians vs plebeians
Patricians:
Rich, land-owning Aristocrats
Plebians:
Poor and Landless