Chapter 3 - Chemsity

Matter

Anything occupying space and having mass.

States of Matter

Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas.

Solid

A state of matter with defined volume and shape.

Liquid

A state of matter that assumes the shape of its container and has a defined volume.

Gas

A state of matter with no defined volume or shape, taking the shape and volume of its container.

Example of a solid state of water

Ice.

Example of a liquid state of water

Water.

Example of a gaseous state of water

Steam.

Physical Properties

Characteristics that are directly observable and unique to a substance, such as odor, color, volume, and state.

Chemical Properties

A substance's ability to form a new substance, influencing how the composition of matter changes.

Example of a chemical property

Flammability.

Element

A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical methods.

Example of an element

Iron (Fe), Aluminum (Al).

Compound

A substance composed of a given combination of elements that can be broken down into those elements by chemical methods.

Example of a compound

Water (H2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2).

Pure Substances

Substances that always have the same composition and are either elements or compounds.

Example of a pure substance

Pure water, hydrogen, gold.

Mixture

A substance with variable composition, consisting of two or more pure substances.

Homogeneous Mixture

A substance that is the same throughout and consists of visibly indistinguishable parts.

Heterogeneous Mixture

A mixture with visibly distinguishable parts that contain regions with different properties.

Separation of Mixtures

A process based on physical properties of components, such as boiling point.

Distillation

A method of separating mixtures based on boiling point.

Filtration

A method that separates a liquid from a solid based on their states of matter.

Chromatography

A separation technique based on adherence to a surface.

Evaporation

A separation method based on volatility.