AP2 Heart to ECG - LECTURE REVIEW

atria

superior receiving chambers (space) of the heart

ventricles

inferior discharging chambers (space) of the heart

tricuspid

atrioventricular valve on the right side of the heart; between right atrium & right ventrical

mitral or bicuspid

atrioventricular valve on the left side of the heart; between the left atrium & left ventricle

pulmonary circuit

blood flow from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart; shorter & lower pressure; blood picks up oxygen "oxygen loading"

systemic circuit

blood flow from the left side of the heart through body tissues; longer & higher pressure; delivers oxygen to tissues "oxygen unloading"

bradycardia

slow heart rate below 60 bpm, may lead to inadequate blood circulation; may be desirable result of endurance training; R-R interval greater than 5 big boxes

tachycardia

rapid heart rate over 100 bpm; less than 3 big boxes; may lead to fibrillation

average heart rate

75 bpm

coronary

first R & L arteries to branch off aorta; supply the myocardium of the heart

myocardium

term for heart muscle; middle layer; linked through gap junctions

pericardium

double walled sac around the heart that anchors and protects

epicardium

layer of heart that is the same as the visceral layer of the heart

endocardium

continuous with endothelium of blood vessels, smooth inner lining of heart chambers; covers valves

chordae tendineae

anchors the AV valves and prevent valve prolapse and leakage

murmurs

abnormal heart sounds made by incompetent (leaky) or stenotic (stiff) valves

SA (sinoatrial) node

the pacemaker of the heart, 75 bpm

myocardial ischemia

reduced blood flow cutting off oxygen supply to the heart muscle; warning sign of impending heart attack

artery

blood vessel going away from the heart; efferent vessels

pericarditis

inflammation of the pericardium; can be heard as friction rub during auscultation

cardiac tamponade

excess pericardial fluid which limits the pumping ability of the heart

auricles

external ear or flap like appendages of the atria

pectinate muscle

ridges of muscle found in the atria

interatrial septum

wall between the atria

interventricular septum

wall between the ventricles

intrinsic cardiac conduction system

sinoatrial SA node, atrioventricular AV node, atrioventricular AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers or subendocardial conduction network; ensures coordinated heart contraction

papillary muscles

cone-like muscular extensions of the myocardium, attached to chordae tendinea and AV valves; contract to keep valves closed and prevent prolapse (valvular inversion)

causes of valve disease

congenital, acquired thru infections like endocarditis or rheumatic fever or due to stiffening with age.

valvular stenosis

stiffening and narrowing of heart valves; hard to pump through, heard as a murmur

3 vessels that feed into the right atrium

superior and inferior vena cavae and coronary sinus; carrying deoxygenated blood

vessels that feed into the left atrium

4 pulmonary veins; carrying oxygenated blood

angina pectoris

means "choked chest"; caused by restricted blood flow to myocardium especially during exertion and hypoxia (low oxygen)

myocardial infarction

heart attack; obstruction of blood supply to a portion of the cardiac muscle resulting in tissue death

first

Which heart sound is from the AV valves closing (tricuspid and mitral/bicuspid)- "LUB"?

second

Which heart sound is from the semilunar valves closing (pulmonary and aortic)- "DUB"?

Intercalated discs

junctions between cardiac myocytes (cardiac muscle cells); have gap junctions for communication & desmosomes for attachment

moderator band or septomarginal trabecula

found in right ventricle, carries impulse to right ventricular wall

P wave

shows depolarization/excitation of atria, followed by atrial systole (contraction)

QRS complex

shows depolarization/excitation of ventricles, followed by ventricular systole (contraction)

T wave

shows repolarization/relaxation of the ventricles, followed by ventricular diastole (relaxation)

arrhythmias

irregular heartbeat

pericardial cavity

space between parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium (epicardium); filled with serous fluid; reduces friction

atrial fibrillation

rapid, random, ineffective contractions of the atrium; can lead to blot clots, stroke & other heart complications

ventricular fibrillation

the rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles; leads to cardiac arrest

before a P wave

part of ECG showing when heart is in diastole

heart block

condition where AV node is defective and few or no impulses reach ventricles

STEMI (ST elevated myocardial infarction)

heart attack in progress due to blockage of a coronary artery

nSTEMI (non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction)

a heart attack that is not diagnosed on the EKG but is diagnosed by an elevated cardiac enzyme panel = troponin on blood test; caused by an obstructed arteriole

t-PA (tissue plasminogen activator)

a fibrinolytic or thrombolytic agent; actively dissoves blood clots; a clot buster

bypass surgery

usually a vein from the leg is taken and used as an alternate route for a clogged coronary artery

past heart attack

a depressed Q-wave means a __________.

artery

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart- efferent vessel

vein

A blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart- afferent vessel

AV node (atrioventricular node)

node between the atria and ventricles where the signal pauses to allow for atrial contraction

first

Heart sound heard at the beginning of ventricular systole?

second

Heart sound heart at the beginning of ventricular diastole?

mitral or bicuspid

Which valve is closure is best detected in the 5th intercostal space on the left side of the sternum at mid-clavicle?

tricuspid

Which valve closure is best detected in the 5th intercostal space just right of the sternal margin?

aortic

Which valve closure is best detected in the 2nd intercostal space just right of the sternal margin?

pulmonary

Which valve closure is best detected in the 2nd intercostal space just left of the sternal margin?

aortic

Which valve is between the left ventricle and the systemic circulation?

pulmonary

Which valve is between the right ventricle and the circulation to the lungs?

ischemia

an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body

anastomosis (pl. anastomoses)

an alternate or collateral route of circulation common in the coronary blood supply