Histology Quiz 6

elastic artery, lamelle

elastic artery, lamelle

What artery type? What features identify it?

muscular artery, prominent inner elastic lamina

What artery type? What features identify it?

arteriole, smaller with only a few layers of smooth muscle

What artery type? What features identify it?

capillaries

where do all exchanges between blood and body tissues occur?

tunica intima made of just endothelium

what tunicas are present in capillaries?

very narrow

what is the size of capillary lumens?

fenestrated capillaries

Seen where more rapid movement of materials is desired (in kidney, for example), cells may have pores to increase rates of diffusion

continuous

most capillaries have _____ walls

sinusoidal capillaries

Seen in places where cells need to enter and exit the blood stream (in bone marrow, thymus, etc), both cells and basement membranes have large gaps

sinusoidal

what type of capillary often looks different from a continuous one in histological preparation?

to slow down blood flow and allow for material exchange

why is the diameter of a capillary do narrow?

only contains tunica intima, allows for exchange of materials

Why does the capillary wall only include an endothelium?

sinusoidal

The basement membrane is incomplete in a _______ capillary, to allow cells to easily enter and exit the bloodstream

venules

Capillaries merge together to form small veins called _____

arterioles

what are venules often located next to?

larger lumen

how can you distinguish a venule from a capillary?

venules

small vessels with low blood pressure, so they have thin walls with just a thin tunica intima, thin tunica media, and poorly developed tunica adventitia

veins

Carry deoxygenated blood back towards heart, at low blood pressure. Typically contain all three tunics, with a thick adventitia to provide structure despite the low blood pressure

valves

in veins to prevent backflow of blood

muscular arteries

often accompany veins

floppy lumens

common characteristic of vein lumen in histological sections

venule

what type of blood vessel?

muscular artery, vein

what type of blood vessels?

arteries must maintain blood pressure

why do artery walls have more smooth muscle than veins?

arteriole, capillary, venule

what types of blood vessels?

plasma, platelets, cells

what does blood contain?

gas exchange, transport, heat distribution, defense against infection

functions of blood

smears

how is blood prepared for slides?

Wright’s stain

stain typically used on blood samples

mostly water with proteins

what is plasma made of?

albumin

produced by liver; maintains osmotic pressure of blood

globulins

from liver, have roles in clotting and nutrient transport; immunoglobulins (antibodies) made by plasma cells and are important for immunity

Fibrinogen

made by liver; clotting

bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells

where do all formed elements of blood arise?

interior spongy bone of long bones

where is bone marrow found?

Sinusoidal capillaries

allow mature blood cells to enter circulation

cords

Cells still undergoing hematopoiesis surround capillaries in cellular clusters called ________. Hold immature red blood cells.

erythroblasts

What are immature RBC’s called?

cords are more basophilic bc of immature rbcs

how can you tell the difference between cords and sinuses?

megakaryocytes

cells in the bone marrow that make platelets

platelets

-Non-nucleated, membrane-bound cell fragments \n •Critical for clotting and wound healing

Canaliculi

allow for rapid release of molecules during wound healing and tissue repair in platelets

plasma

liquid that makes up most of blood volume

white adipocyte, sinus, cord

what structures are seen in the bone marrow? 1, 2, unlabeled circle is 3

hematopoietic stem cells

When someone receives a bone marrow transplant, what \n cell types are likely the most important for the success of \n the transplant?

granules

clusters of clotting proteins in platelets

RBCs

carry oxygen; must travel through narrow capillaries for gas exchange

acidophilic due to hemoglobin

staining of RBCs

biconcave with no organelles, for flexibility

structure of RBCs, why

RBCs, platelets

circle, arrows

the immune system

Bodily defense against invading pathogens

effector cells

Migratory cells that carry out immune functions

lymphoid tissues

Solid tissues that can be the site of immune cell differentiation, activation, or function

phagocytosis of pathogens, release of toxins, antibody production, immunological memory

functions of effector cells

leukocytess

-major effector cells of immune system

-multiple types with distinct functions; found both in blood and other tissues of the body

granulocytes or agranulocytes

ho ware leukocytes classified based on structure?

neutrophil

-abundant in circulating blood \n -Cytoplasm contains pale-staining granules that can be difficult to see as a result

multi-lobed nuclei (3-5)

most notable feature of neutrophils

eosinophil

\n -Rare in circulating blood \n -cytoplasm is filled with eosinophilic, pink/red granules

-bi-lobed nuclei

basophils

-Most rare of all the leukocytes in circulating blood \n -cytoplasm contains basophilic, purple-staining granules that often obscure nucleus

lymphocytes

-Abundant in circulating blood \n -Large nuclei, which is usually fairly round – nucleus typically occupies most of interior of cell \n -Small amount of cytoplasm visible around the nucleus is typically slightly basophilic

monocytes

-Pale cytoplasm, without granules \n -Nucleus is typically curved, often into a “C” shape

RBCs, neutrophils, lymphocyte, platelets

1, 2, 3, 4

RBCs, neutrophils, eosinophil, monocyte, leukocyte, basophil

1,2,3,4,5,6

innate immune response

Immediate, non-specific response to pathogens

innate is immediate but not specific, adaptive is more delayed but specific and w/ memory

difference between innate and adaptive immune response

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes

cells in innate immune response

lymphocytes

cells in adaptive immune response

phagocytosis of pathogens, secreting toxins to kill pathogens, activating adaptive immune response

roles of innate immune cells

eosinophils

produce and secrete toxic granules to attack parasitic worms, which are too large for phagocytosis

cytokines

signal molecules that can modulate the activity of the adaptive immune system

antigen presentation

how do macrophages and neutrophils activate the adaptive immune system where athogen-derived proteins are displayed on the macrophage/neutrophil cell surface as a signal that an infection has occurred?

neutrophils

Which granulocyte uses its cytoplasmic granules for phagocytosis of pathogens?

cytokine secretion and antigen presentation

2 ways the adaptive immune system is activated by the innate immune system

all in innate immune system

what cells function in cytokine secretion?

all that phagocitize

what cells function in antigen presentation

antibodies

proteins produced by lymphocyte T and B cells

recognize a single antigen

how are antibodies specific?

B cells

produce and secrete antibodies to circulate through the body

T cells

use antibodies as receptors, to recognize antigen on cell surfaces

cytotoxic T cells

-recognize antigen displayed on infected host cell surfaces \n -Cytotoxic T cells kill those cells (by inducing cell lysis) to \n prevent further spread of pathogen

B cells

differentiate into plasma cells when activated by helper cells

plasma cells

-produce and secrete large quantities of \n antibodies to be circulated throughout the body

-expanded cytoplasm with golgi body

helper T cell

activates other adaptive immune cells

Antigen-presenting cells binding

activates helper T cells

neutrilization and opsonization

functions of circulating antibodies

memory T and B cells

created to mount an immediate response upon subsequent exposures

T cells, B cells

Which adaptive immune cells retain their antibodies as cell surface receptors, to recognize antigen-presenting cells, or infected cells? Which adaptive immune cells secrete their antibodies into the blood and lymphatic fluid to circulate throughout the body?

neutrophil

What cell am I? Phagocytosis, Cytokine production, Antigen presentation

macrophage

what does a monocyte differentiate into following activation

eosinophil

What cell am I? \n Secretes toxic granules to attack parasitic worms, Cytokine \n production

basophil

What cell am I? \n Cytokine production

plasma cell

What cell am I? \n Produce and secrete antibodies, Secreted antibodies can \n neutralize pathogens and assist with phagocytosis

primary lymphoid organs

Sites of leukocyte differentiation

thymus

Site of T cell maturation

bone marrow

Home of the HSCs from which all leukocytes arise, and \n location of most leukocyte maturation, including B cell \n maturation

CT capsule, lobules

what encompasses the thymus? It invades the interior to create _____

septa

lobules. created by invading CT called _____

cortex, medulla

more basophillic outer layer ________, lighter inner layer _____

medulla, cortex

1, 2