Why
Big Sister Policy
Pushed by James G. Blaine to rally Latin American nations behind uncle Sam’s leadership and opening Latin American markets to yankee traders -→ bore fruit in 1889
Great Rapprochement
Reconciliation between the U.S. and Britain - British + American friendship
McKinley Tariff of 1890
Raised barriers against the Hawaiian product. The outcome was that domestic businesses raised the prices of American products to unaffordable rates.
Insurrectos
Cuban immigrants who sought freedom from colonial Spanish rule
Maine
sunk when gunpowder exploded during US intervention in Cuban
Teller Amendment
Proclaimed that the US had overthrown Spanish misrule - would give Cubans their freedom (led to imperialistic European maniac smiles)
Rough Riders
name given to the First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt resigned his position as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in May 1898 to join the volunteer cavalry. The original plan for this unit called for filling it with men from the Indian Territory, New Mexico, Arizona, and Oklahoma. However, once Roosevelt joined the group, it quickly became the place for a mix of troops ranging from Ivy League athletes to glee-club singers to Texas Rangers and Indians.
Anti-Imperialistic League
To fight the McKinley administration’s expansionist moves. “The Anti-Imperialist League sprang into being to fight the McKinley administration's expansionist moves.”
Foraker Act
allowed the Puerto Rican island their own government, but would remain many under the will of the US government, essentially making it a self governed territory. “ The Foraker Act of 1900 accorded the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government
Insular Cases
Supreme court decision that stated that though the Puerto Ricans were under the will of the US government and part of the US, they didn't have all the benefits of being Americans, and did not receive citizenship. “... a badly divided Supreme Court decreed, in effect, that the flag did outrun the constitution, and that the outdistanced document did not necessarily extend with full force to the new windfall.
Platt Amendment
The Cubans own constitution. “ The Cubans were therefore forced to write their own constitution of 1901, the so-called Platt Amendment
Open Door Note
allowed foreign nations to have access to parts of China, with the basis that they would be fair in their pickings. “ He urged them to announce that in their leaseholds or spheres of influence they would respect certain Chinese rights and the ideal of fair competition.”
Boxer Rebellion
a chinese patriotic group that rebelled against all the foreign powers, killing many, and taking power. “ In what became known as the Boxer Rebellion, they murdered more than two hundred foreigners and thousands of Chinese Christians and besieged the foreign diplomatic community in the capitol, Beijing (Peking.)
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
Allowed the US the right to make a canal and fortify it from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean. “ It not only gave the United States a free hand to build the canal but concede the right to fortify it as well
Roosevelt Corollary
a declaration that if debts from the Latin Nations were not paid, then the US would step in and take power over it to gain back its money. “ he announced that in the event of future financial malfeasance by the Latin Nations, the United States itself would intervene take over the customs houses, pay off the debts, and keep the troublesome Europeans on the other side of the Atlantic
Gentleman’s Agreement
Stopped the Californaian school board from segregating Asians and whites, and also an agreement for Tokyo and Japan to lessen the amount of immigrants to the US. “ By this secret understanding, workled out during 1907-1908, Tokyo agreed to stop the flow of laborers to the American mainland by withholding passports
Root-Takahira Agreement
a peace treaty between Japan and the US that allowed the other control of their own military territories in the Pacific and the Open Door Policy to remain. “ It pledged both powers to respect each other's territorial possessions in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door in China.
Monroe Doctrine
A US foreign policy that declared the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European colonization and intervention.
Issued by: President James Monroe in 1823.
Context: The doctrine was a response to fears that European powers would attempt to re-colonize newly independent Latin American countries.
Key principles: Non-intervention and non-colonization.
Significance: The doctrine became a cornerstone of US foreign policy and established the US as a dominant power in the Western Hemisphere.
Impact: The doctrine has been cited as a justification for US intervention in Latin America, and has influenced US foreign policy towards the region to this day.
Purchase of Alaska 1867
Purchased in March 30, 1867 from Russia by the US
Treaty of Reciprocity 1875
Parties involved: United States and Kingdom of Hawaii
Purpose: To establish free trade between the two countries
Terms: Hawaiian sugar and other products would be admitted into the US duty-free, while US goods would receive the same treatment in Hawaii
Duration: 7 years, with automatic renewal unless one party gave notice of termination
Significance: Helped to boost Hawaii's economy and increase US influence in the region, but also led to increased American control over Hawaiian affairs.
Bayonet Constitution 1887
Kalākaua was held at gunpoint & forced to sign the document. Weakened the powers of the monarchy & hawaiian citizens (native Hawaiians, Asian immigrants), while increasing the power of the white population
Spanish-American War
Causes: Cuban War of Independence, Yellow Journalism, USS Maine explosion
Key Players: United States, Spain, Theodore Roosevelt
Major Battles: Battle of Manila Bay, Battle of Santiago de Cuba
Outcome: Treaty of Paris, Spain cedes Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the US, Cuba gains independence
Impact: US emerges as a world power, anti-imperialist sentiment grows, Philippines becomes a US colony.
Yellow Journalism
Key concept: sensationalized news reporting to attract readership
Originated in the late 19th century in the US
Associated with publishers William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer
Used exaggerated headlines, misleading images, and fake news to sell papers
Played a role in the Spanish-American War and US involvement in Cuba
Criticized for promoting jingoism and misleading the public
Led to the development of modern journalism ethics and standards.
Imperialism
Definition: A policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means.
Motivations: Economic gain, political power, national pride, religious or cultural beliefs.
Examples: European colonization of Africa and Asia, American colonization of the Philippines, British colonization of India.
Effects: Exploitation of resources and labor, cultural assimilation, resistance and rebellion, long-term political and economic instability.
Panama Canal
Length: 50 miles
Connects: Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Construction: Started by France in 1881, completed by US in 1914
Importance: Shortens shipping routes, saves time and money
Locks: 3 sets, each with 2 chambers
Expansion: Completed in 2016, allows larger ships to pass through
Traffic: Over 14,000 ships pass through annually
Ownership: Managed by Panama since 1999
Environmental impact: Disrupted ecosystems, efforts to mitigate damage ongoing
Cuban-American Treaty 1903
approved Platt amendment
Great White Fleet
What: A group of 16 white-painted battleships of the US Navy
When: Sent on a world tour from 1907 to 1909
Why: To showcase the US Navy's growing military power and to promote goodwill
Significance: Demonstrated the US's emergence as a global naval power and helped to establish diplomatic relations with other countries
Impact: Led to an increase in naval spending and the construction of more battleships, contributing to the US's eventual involvement in World War I.
Dollar Diplomacy
President William Howard Taft's foreign policy
Aimed to promote US economic interests in Latin America and East Asia
Used American financial power to extend influence abroad
Focused on investing in infrastructure projects in foreign countries
Led to increased US involvement in Latin America and Asia
Criticized for prioritizing US economic interests over promoting democracy and human rights
Contributed to tensions with other world powers, particularly Japan.
Jones-Shafroth Act 1917
Purpose: Granted U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans
Also known as: Puerto Rican Citizenship Act
Named after: Congressman William A. Jones and Resident Commissioner Federico Degetau Shafroth
Signed into law by: President Woodrow Wilson
Date signed: March 2, 1917
Effect: Allowed Puerto Ricans to be drafted into the U.S. military and granted them the right to travel freely between the U.S. and Puerto Rico.
Jones Act 1916
Also known as the Merchant Marine Act of 1916
Required all goods transported by water between US ports to be carried on US-flagged ships, owned by US citizens, and built in the US
Aimed to promote the US shipping industry and increase national security during wartime
Led to higher shipping costs and reduced competition, which hurt consumers and some industries
Still in effect today, but with some amendments and exemptions.