HOSA - Behavioural Health - Prevention, Identification, Recovery and Management of Substance Abuse and Mental Illness Cartes | Quizlet

Biological approaches to therapy

medication, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), psychosurgery, brain stimulation, and neurofeedback

Medication

most commonly used of the medical therapies

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

used in some severe cases of depression that do not respond to other treatments; the patient is anesthetized and given a muscle relaxant before the induction of general seizures, which are produced by electricity applied through electrodes on the head

Psychosurgery

the attempt to improve psychological disorders through the use of brain surgery

Brain stimulation

electrical stimulation applied through surgically implanted electrodes that is used to treat some anxiety and mood disorders

Neurofeedback

a type of biofeedback used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and seizures by teaching the client to keep measures of brain activity within a certain range

approaches to treating psychological disorders

psychoanalysis, humanistic therapy, behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, and biological treatments

Psychoanalysis theoretical perspective

psychodynamic theory

Psychoanalysis defining features

directive therapy; free association; dream analysis; analysis of resistance; analysis of transference

Humanistic therapy theoretical perspective

humanistic theory

Humanistic therapy defining features

nondirective therapy; unconditional positive regard; reflection; empathy

Behavior therapy theoretical perspective

Behaviorism

Behavior therapy defining features

application of classical and operant learning principles in behavior modification; therapy based on observed behavior only

Cognitive therapy theoretical perspective

cognition

Cognitive therapy defining features

cognitive restructuring; combination of restructuring with behavior modification in cognitive behavioral therapy

Biological treatments theoretical perspective

biology

Biological treatments defining features

medication; electroconvulsive therapy; psychosurgery; brain stimulation; neurofeedback

Homeostasis

a steady internal balance or equilibrium

Set points

certain values that help achieve homeostasis

Factor to begin motivation

a stimulus from either the internal or external environment

Drive

a state of tension and arousal triggered by stimuli important for survival

Drive reduction

the state of relief and reward produced by removing the tension and arousal of the drive state

Treating Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

no medications of been proved effective in alleviating symptoms; ABA is the most commonly used psychological treatment, which relies on the principles of operant conditioning

ABA

focuses on observable, socially important behaviors such as language and should produce lasting improvements that generalize to settings outside the therapy setting

Treating Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

many children are treated with medication, either alone or in combination with behaviour therapy; most commonly prescribed drugs (that increase the activity of dopamine and norepinephrine) are closely related stimulations methylphenidate (Ritalin), dextroamphetamine (Dextrine or Dextrostat), and a combination of amphetamine salts (Adderal)

Reason for treating ADHD with simulants

Impulsive hyperactivity occurs if the parts of the brain responsible for planned, thoughtful behaviour, such as the basal ganglia and frontal lobes, are not active enough

Treating Schizophrenia

The medication, phenothiazines, reduce psychosis, which act as dopamine antagonists, blocking dopamine at the receptor sites (nearly one quarter of patients don't respond to the drug, and are less effective in reducing negative symptoms like social withdrawal or emotional disturbance); psychological treatments still have much to offer

Tardive dyskinesia

a syndrome that results from the use of phenothiazines by some patients; the syndrome produces tremors and involuntary movements, especially of the face and tongue

Treating Bipolar Disorder

The primary method of treatment is the use of medication, most commonly prescribed medication being a simple salt, lithium carbonate

Dangerous side effects of lithium carbonate

toxic levels produce nausea, vomiting, muscular tremors, seizures, and even coma; regular blood tests must be taken to monitor the levels

Treating Major Depressive Disorder

Treatment ranges from medical, to cognitive, to behavioural, to simple aerobic exercise, and combinations of these approaches are common; most popular method of treatment is medication (such as serotonin reuptake inhibitors); psychotherapy alternatives are also successful, like CBT

Treating Anxiety Disorders

Typically treated by using medication, CBT, or a combination of the two; medication often involves reducing brain activity, or a tranquilizing effect; enhance the effects of GABA; antidepressants are typically more effective

Treating Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

can be treated with antidepressant medication, CBT, or a combination of both; involves training the person to anticipate compulsive behaviour and then to engage in a competing behaviour; CBT is a highly effective approach

Treating Body Dysmorphic Disorder

CBT is helpful as it can help the individual think more realistically about perceived physical flaws; many individuals insist on continued treatment by cosmetic surgeons

Treating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Typically treated using exposure therapy with or without SSRI medications; additional treatment may be needed since many people also develop a variety of substance use disorders

Treating Dissociative Identity Disorder

Treatment is aimed toward integrating the various personalities by first identifying and "working through" the traumatic memories related to the disorder; hypnosis is commonly used but not well advised

Treating Somatic Symptom Disorders

Both biological and psychological treatments are commonly used; best biological treatments includes medication with antidepressants and increases in physical activity

Treating Antisocial Personality Disorder

No known medications, though incarcerated individuals are treated with tranquilizing drugs to make their violent behaviour more manageable; individuals tend to view themselves as "okay" and not in need of treatment; psychological treatments include learning models that emphasize anger control, social skills, and moral reasoning

Treating Borderline Personality Disorder

No medications are currently approved; most commonly prescribed medications include antidepressants, antipsychotic medications, mood stabilizers like lithium, anti-anxiety medications, and anticonvulsants; CBT is often used; individual learns to manage stress, emotions, relationships, and emphasizes skills aimed at reducing the individual's potential foe suicidal thinking and behaviour; dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) attempts to address the symptoms in order of their importance: reducing suicidal thoughts, reducing behaviours that interfere with therapy, and finally reducing behaviours that interfere with the quality of life