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What are the two main categories of respiration?

Aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

What is the overall process of aerobic respiration?

Glycolysis → Krebs cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation → 36 ATP per glucose molecule.

What is produced during anaerobic respiration (fermentation)?

Glycolysis regenerates NAD+ and produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule.

What occurs during glycolysis?

Conversion of 1 glucose molecule into 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH; occurs in the cytoplasm.

What is the total energy production from glycolysis?

2 ATP and 2 NADH.

What happens in the Krebs cycle?

1 pyruvate is converted into 4 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, H₂O, and CO2; occurs twice for each glucose.

What is the total energy production from the Krebs cycle per glucose molecule?

4 ATP, 10 NADH, and 2 FADH2.

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Production of large amounts of ATP from NADH and FADH2, requiring oxygen.

What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in oxidative phosphorylation?

They pass electrons down the electron transport chain to produce ATP.

How much ATP can each NADH and FADH2 produce?

Each NADH can produce up to 3 ATP; each FADH2 can produce up to 2 ATP.

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

1/2 O2.

What is chemiosmosis?

Coupling of electron movement down the ETC with ATP formation using the proton gradient.

What is the function of ATP synthase?

Enzyme responsible for producing ATP from ADP using protons.

What is the total energy production per glucose molecule after all processes?

38 ATP (36 ATP net after using 2 in the process).

What is the purpose of fermentation?

To regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continue in the absence of oxygen.

What are the products of alcoholic fermentation?

Conversion of pyruvate to ethanol; occurs in fungi, yeast, and bacteria.

What happens during lactic acid fermentation?

Pyruvate is converted to lactate, causing cramping when oxygen is low in muscle cells.