Gov Air Test prep

Negotiation

A process of settling differences through a discussion of issues. May involve using persuasion, compromise, or consensus building

Consensus Building

Process of working toward achieving general agreement within a group. Persuasion and compromise can be used to reach this consensus

Persuasion

Process of inducing (convincing) others into accepting a point of view by means of reasoning and argumentation.

Compromise

Process of making concessions (giving something up) to settle differences.

Revenue

the total amount of income by the sale of goods or services related to the company's operations

Ammendment 1

Freedom of speech, religion, press assembly, and petition.

Ammendment 2

right to bear arms

Ammendemnt 3

No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war

Amendment 4

No unlawful searches and seizes

Amendment 5

Grand Jury, double jepordy, due process.

Amendment 6

guarantees the rights of criminal defendants, including the right to a speedy and public trial, to an impartial jury, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation, and to have the assistance of counse

Amendment 7

guarantees the right to a jury trial in civil cases where the value in controversy exceeds twenty dollars. (no trial for stolen objects under $20 dollars).

Amendment 8

prohibits excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishments. 

Amendment 9

The Ninth Amendment was added to the Bill of Rights to clarify that the enumeration of certain rights in the Constitution (like those in the first eight amendments) does not imply that other rights not specifically listed are not also protected. 

Amendment 10

powers not delegated to the federal government by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. (reserved powers).

Amendment 12

Loser of the election my become the  VP

Amendment 13

Abolishes slavery or servitude of any kind except as a punishment for criminals and lawbreakers. Thus freeing African Americans of their owners and giving them lives.

Amendment 14

Due Process/Incorporation Clause- nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. Plead the fifth, right to remain silent, right to an attorney, right to property. Protects rights from state and local governments.

Equal Protection Clause- equal protection for all races

Citizenship Clause- All persons born or naturalized in the united states and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the united states and of the state wherein they reside.

Amendment 15

Any citizen of legal age, and of male sex, may vote regardless of race, color, previous servitude. Gives African Americans the right to vote. Give someone the right to vote that can't be denied by race.

Amendment 16

grants Congress the power to levy and collect income taxes.

Amendment 17

Changed the law that the senators are not chosen by the legislature but directly by the people through voting

Amendment 18

Bans the sale, distribution, manufacture, and consumption of alcohol. (Attempted to reduce crime rates.)

Amendment 19

Woman's right to vote. People have the right to vote and that will not be denied by sex.

Amendment 20

Moves inaugural date from March 4th to Jan. 20th.

Amendment 21

Repealed the 18th Amendment.

Amendment 22

Two year term limit for president

Amendment 23

It gives electors to the District of Columbia – the capital city of the United States – so that it may participate in presidential elections.

Amendment 24

prevents national and state governments from creating a poll tax before voting time. This makes it so the government can't make African Americans pay money to vote.

Amendment 25

Vice President powers. It requires that if there is a vacancy in the VP spot, the president has to fill it.

Ammendment 26

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18.

Ammendment 27

Congress may not vote to give themselves a pay raise during their existing term.

Presidential sucession

The list of people who are in line to be president if he leaves office. Ex: VP, speaker of the house, etc.

Political Spectrum

The spectrum for where you are on a subject or what party you lean towards.

Conservative v. Liberal

Republicans are conservative Democrats are liberal

Judicial restraint

When a judge draws a conclusion based off of current politics and not their own views.

Judicial Activism

When a judge uses their own opinions, theories and political views to form a conclusion.

Senate qualifications and term length

an individual must be at least 30 years old, a citizen of the United States for at least nine years, and an inhabitant of the state they represent. Six year term length

House qualifications and term length

at least 25 years old, a U.S. citizen for at least seven years, and an inhabitant of the state they represent at the time of the election.Two year term length

Domestic policy

the plans and actions a government takes to address issues and manage activities within its own country, impacting its citizens directly.

foreign policy

a government's strategy for interacting with other countries. It involves the actions and goals a country uses to achieve its interests in the international arena, like diplomacy, trade, and defense. 

Election of 1800

Electoral college tied. Jefferson and Burr tied. 12 ammendemnt was passed.

Reconstruction ammendments

The ammendemnt that changed slavery, 13,14,15

incorporation

Extends 2 states, States cannot deprive. 14 ammendment

honey moon phase, lame duck phase

The time when a president is most popular and least popular during their term.

vietnam war

26 ammendemnt, people who fought in the war wanted to vote.

popular sovereignty

It means the ultimate power and legitimacy of a government rests with the citizens, who have the right to decide their political future. 

powers of Congress

making laws, declaring war, regulating commerce, and controlling the federal budget

Special duties of Senate

the Senate has exclusive authority to approve–or reject–presidential nominations to executive and judicial offices, and to provide–or withhold–its “advice and consent” to treaties negotiated by the executive. The Senate also has the sole power to try impeachments.

special duties of House

To start all revenue (money) bills. To impeach civil officers. To elect a President if no candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes.

Filibuster

When someone talks for a long period of time in order to stall or stop a bill.

federalists v anti-federalists

federalists were north and wanted a democracy/limited government and the anti-federalists were south and they wanted slaves and wanted a confederation government.

number of supreme court justices

9

Supply and Demand

Supply is the amount of a specific good or service that's available in the market. Demand is the amount of the goods or service that customers want to buy. When supply y is high, demand is low and vice versa.

popular vote

the act of voting by the population

How does a bill become a law?

A bill becomes a law through a process involving both houses of Congress and the President. First, a bill is introduced in either the House or Senate, then it's sent to a committee for study. If approved by the committee, it's debated and voted on by the full house. If passed by both chambers in identical form, it's sent to the President. The President can sign it into law, veto it, or take no action (which becomes a pocket veto if Congress adjourns). If vetoed, Congress can override with a two-thirds vote in both chambers, and the bill becomes law

Articles of Confederation

the United States' first constitution, adopted in 1777 and ratified in 1781. It was ratified because the anti-federalist wanted a bill of rights

Presidential cabinet

The Cabinet includes the Vice President and the heads of 15 executive departments — the Secretaries of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Education, Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, Housing and Urban Development, Interior, Labor, State, Transportation, Treasury, and Veterans Affairs, as well as the Attorney General.

Presidential powers

acting as Commander-in-Chief, making treaties, appointing officials, and vetoing legislation. They also have the power to pardon individuals and deliver the State of the Union address. 

Presidental roles

Chief Citizen, Commander in Chief, Chief Diplomat, Chief Executive, Chief Host, Chief Legislator, Chief Politician.

bicameral

of a legislative body) having two branches or chambers.

implied powers

Implied powers are governmental authorities not explicitly mentioned in a constitution, but are considered necessary for carrying out expressed powers.

Enumerated

specific, explicitly listed powers granted to the federal government, primarily outlined in Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution, and specifically to Congress

Reserved powers

Reserved powers in the United States refer to those governmental functions not explicitly delegated to the federal government by the Constitution, nor prohibited to the states, as outlined in the Tenth Amendment. These powers are, therefore, retained by the states or the people. 

precedent

a precedent is a previous court decision or ruling that serves as an example or authority for deciding subsequent cases involving similar facts or legal issues

judicial review

a part of checks and balances, power of the courts of a country to examine the actions of the legislative, executive, and administrative arms of the government and to determine whether such actions are consistent with the constitution.

gridlock

when the government is in such a disagreement that they cant make any decisions.

judge length terms

Federal judges are appointed for life, while state judges may have terms ranging from a few years to life.

How is credibility affected by bias?

people tend to only beleive what they want to be true so if they are only looking at cites that prove their opinions then that leads to them thinking its the truth.

Primary election

.

(in the US) a preliminary election to appoint delegates to a party conference or to select the candidates for a principal, especially presidential, election.

General election

a regular election of candidates for office

Article two of the constitution

establishes the executive branch, headed by the President

Article three of the constitution

establishes the judicial branch of the federal government, which is responsible for interpreting laws and resolving legal disputes

Article one of the constitution

establishes the Legislative Branch (Congress), dividing it into the House of Representatives and the Senate

impeachment

the process of bringing charges against a government official for wrongdoing. A trial may be held, and the official may be removed from office.The Constitution requires a two-thirds vote of the Senate to convict, and the penalty for an impeached official upon conviction is removal from office.

Electoral College

It is a process which includes the: Selection of electors. Meeting of electors who cast votes for the president and vice president. The Electoral College consists of 538 electors. A majority of 270 electoral votes is required to elect the President. Your State has the same number of electors as it does Members in its Congressional delegation: one for each Member in the House of Representatives plus two Senators

Interest group

Interest groups, also known as advocacy groups or lobbies, are organizations that actively try to influence public policy and government decision-making.

Lobbying

Lobbying is the primary tactic they use, involving direct communication with lawmakers to persuade them to support specific legislative goals. Examples include a company lobbying for tax breaks, a non-profit advocating for social programs, or a group of parents protesting against soda vending machines in schools

Vice president requirements and term length

Term length: Four years, no term limit. be a natural-born U.S. citizen;, be at least 35 years old, be a resident in the U.S. for at least 14 years.

Vice president powers

The Constitution names the vice president of the United States as the president of the Senate. In addition to serving as presiding officer, the vice president has the sole power to break a tie vote in the Senate and formally presides over the receiving and counting of electoral ballots cast in presidential elections.

Who enforces the laws?

In the United States, the executive branch, particularly the President and various federal agencies, is primarily responsible for enforcing laws.

Government deficit

occurs when a government's spending exceeds its revenue for a given period, usually a fiscal year. This means the government spends more money than it collects through taxes and other sources of income. 

Federal court system

District Courts, Appeals Courts (Courts of Circuit), and the Supreme Court. District Courts are the trial courts, Appeals Courts review decisions from District Courts, and the Supreme Court is the highest court and reviews cases from both Appeals Courts and state supreme courts. 

Judicial review

holds that the courts are vested with the authority to determine the legitimacy of the acts of the executive and the legislative branches of government. The State as well as Federal courts are bound to render decisions according to the principles of the Federal Constitution.

Process for choosing federal judges

Federal judges are selected through a process of nomination by the President, followed by confirmation by the Senate.

who interprets the law

In the United States, the judicial branch, specifically the courts and the Supreme Court, interprets the law. This includes determining the meaning of laws, applying them to individual cases, and deciding if laws violate the Constitution. 

what does the chief justice of the supreme court do

The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court presides over the Court's public sessions and private conferences, and also serves as the administrative head of the federal judicial system. They also oversee the judicial budgeting and building needs, appoint federal judges, and administer the oath of office to the President. 

government spending

the money a government uses to pay for things like schools, roads, healthcare, and defense

Rule of law

In its simplest form, the rule of law means that everyone, including those in power, is subject to and must obey the law, and that no one is above it. 

Who makes the laws

In the United States, the legislative branch, specifically Congress, is responsible for making laws.

Limited government

a theory of governance in which the government only has those powers delegated to it by law, often through a written constitution. A government that is ruled by a constitution.

federalism

Federalism is a mode of government that combines a general level of government with a regional level of sub-unit governments, while dividing the powers of governing between the two levels of governments

Checks and balances and separation of powers

a fundamental principle of government where the power of the state is divided among three distinct and independent branches: the legislative, the executive, and the judicial. Where different branches of government have the power to limit the actions of other branches, preventing any one branch from becoming too powerful

Constitution and articles

The U.S. Constitution consists of 7 articles that outline the structure and powers of the federal government, covering the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, as well as the states, citizenship, amendments, debts, supremacy, oaths, and ratification.