Ap psych unit 3 ( 3.7, 3.8, 3.9)

Behavioral perspective

is the psychological approach that that the keys to understanding development are observable suggests behavior and external stimuli in the environment.

Associative learning

states that ideas and experiences can be mentally linked to one another and reinforce each other

Classical conditioning

automatic response to one stimulus becomes associated with a new, neutral stimulus through repeated pairing, turning it into a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits a conditioned response (CR)

Unconditioned stimulus

A stimulus that naturally & automatically triggers a response.

Unconditioned response

The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the UCS.

Conditioned Stimulus

An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with the UCS, comes to trigger a response

Conditioned response

The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Acquisition

When a behavior, such as a conditioned response, has been learned

Stimulus discrimination

response to only the specific stimulus that has been conditioned

Stimulus generalization

response to another stimulus

Extinction

process that leads to the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the CR to the CS

Spontaneous recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

high-order conditioning

involves establishing a conditioned response using a conditioned stimulus instead of an unconditioned stimulus.

Counterconditioning

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors

One-trial conditioning

The single pairing of stimulus (oysters) and response (illness) will be enough to create an association, and your new aversion won’t be strengthened by further pairings.

Biological preparedness

is the idea that people and animals are naturally inclined to form associations between

certain stimuli and responses

Taste aversion

A biological tendency in which an organism learns to avoid food with a certain taste after a single

experience, if eating it is followed by illness

Habituation

a decrease in responsiveness with repeated stimulation. Ex. a baby no longer being excited by a toy.

Operant conditioning

a type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or

less likely to recur if followed by a punisher.

Law of effect

responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in

that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation

Reinforcement

means the behavior will continue

Punishment

means the behavior will discontinue

Positive

means you are adding a stimulus

Negative

means you are taking away a stimulus

Positive reinforcement

Strengthens a response by presenting a stimulus after a response. Example: Getting praise from your teacher for answering a question

Negative reinforcement

Strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive stimulus. Example: taking tylenol to get rid of a headache.

Positive punishment

involves presenting an aversive stimulus after a behavior has occurred. Example: being given a ticket for speeding.

Negative punishment

involves taking away a desirable stimulus after a behavior has occurred. Example: Getting your phone taken away for using it in class.

Primary reinforcer

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (example: water, food, air, etc)

Secondary reinforcer

Stimuli that acquire their reinforcing power by their learned association with primary reinforcers (money, grades, success, etc)

Reinforcement discrimination

is a type of learning that involves reinforcing a behavior in the presence of one stimulus but not others

Reinforcement generalization

is a tendency for a conditioned or reinforced behavior to lead to a reaction to a similar

stimulus that is not the desired condition

Shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer

approximations of the desired behavior

Instinctive drift

the tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns.

Superstitious behaviors

Accidental reinforcement of behaviors, leading to the belief that those behaviors are causing

desired outcomes, even when they are not

Learned helplessness

Repeated attempts to control a situation fail, you feel helpless (cannot change a situation, cannot escape punishment – often leads to depression)

Reinforcement Schedule

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

Continuous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs`

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

Fixed ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Variable-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Fixed-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Variable-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Social learning theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished (observational learning)

Prosocial behavior

refers to any action that benefits other people

Vicarious learning

is learning that is derived from indirect sources such as hearing or observation, rather than direct,

hands-on, instruction

Latent learning

Form of learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs.`

Insight learning

a type of learning that happens all-of-a-sudden through understanding the relationships of various

parts of a problem rather than through trial and error.

Cognitive map

is a mental picture or image of the layout of the physical environment.