ww2 and the americas

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

1930 law that raised tariffs to protect American farmers

Good Neighbor policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations with Latin America via economic influence and non-intervention policies

Cordell Hull

Secretary of State under FDR

Montevideo Convention

treaty that defined statehood criteria and fostered U.S. non-intervention policies

Platt Amendment

law that set conditions for U.S. withdrawal from Cuba

Buenos Aires Conference

convention where FDR further emphasized regional solidarity and U.S. non-intervention in Latin America

Panama Canal Treaty

treaty that was negotiated in 1936 to end U.S. control over Panama

Export-Import Bank

government agency that provided loans to countries that imported U.S. goods

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

law that lowered tariffs and allowed for bilateral trade deal negotiations

historian Peter Smith

British historian who focused on U.S.-Latin America relations

Battle of Vimy Ridge

WWI conflict where all Canadian divisions fought together

Statute of Westminster

British law that gave independence to its dominions, such as Canada

Pan-American Union

international organization that promoted cooperation in the Americas

League of Nations

international organization created after WWI to solve international problems

Adolf Hitler

leader of Nazi Germany, known for his totalitarian regime and involvement in WW2

U.S. Neutrality Acts

series of laws passed by the U.S. to prevent American involvement in war

Spanish Civil War

military revolt against Republican government of Spain in late 1930s

Royal Canadian Air Force

aerial component of Canadian Armed Force that helps with air defense

British Commonwealth Air Training Force

military initiative during WW2 that aimed to train pilots

Battle of Britain

military campaign in WW2 where Nazi Germany's air force attacked the U.K.

Battle of the Atlantic

struggle between Allied and German forces to control the Atlantic Ocean

Cash and Carry program

U.S. foreign policy that allowed countries in war to buy American war goods if they paid in cash and set up transportation

Lend Lease Aid

U.S. program that provided military aid to Allied nations for American defense purposes

Atlantic Charter

joint statement with Roosevelt and Churchill that outlined U.S. & Britain war aims

hemispheric solidarity

idea of unity and cooperation among nations in the Americas

Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs (CIAA)

agency that promoted cooperation in the Americas during WW2 with media and politics

Import Substitution Industrialization

economic strategy where a country replaces its dependence on foreign goods with domestic products

Pearl Harbor

location where Japan attacked the U.S., sparking American involvement in WW2

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Japanese propaganda concept for an independent bloc of Asian countries free from Western influence

U.S. oil embargo on Japan

economic sanctions imposed in response to Japanese aggression in Asia

Casablanca Conference

WW2 meeting with FDR and Churchill that adopted "unconditional surrender" policy for Axis powers

Allied invasion of Italy

Allied operation to invade Italy in order to force the regime into surrender during WW2

Allied fire-bombing of Germany

Allied plan to use fire bombs in Nazi Germany to destroy cities and stop the Nazi regime and its expansion

Tehran Conference

WW2 meeting with FDR, Churchill, and Stalin that opened a second front against Nazi Germany via invading France

D-Day

Allied invasion of Normandy, France, marking the beginning of Western European liberation from Nazi Germany

Yalta Conference

WW2 meeting with FDR, Churchill, and Stalin, which discussed post-war plans and the terms for Germany's defeat

Bataan Death March

WW2 war crime in the Philippines where soldiers were forced to walk miles under inhumane conditions

island-hopping

WW2 strategy where Allied forces captured Pacific islands to establish air and naval bases in strategic locations

Battle of Midway

U.S. naval victory that severely hurt Japanese naval power during WW2

Battle of Iwo Jima

brutal fight where the U.S. secured an air base in a strategic location in Japan

U.S. fire-bombing of Japan

WW2 strategy where American forces dropped bombs to break citizen morale and destroy Japanese infrastructure

Hiroshima & Nagasaki

American bombings where the U.S. used the only nuclear weapon ever dropped, leading to Japanese surrender from WW2

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Democratic president in power during the Great Depression & WW2

New Deal

series of FDR's economic and social reforms in response to the Great Depression

War Production Board

U.S. agency established to manage wartime economy during WW2

Office of War Mobilization and Reconversion

U.S. agency established to coordinate all government programs related to wartime mobilization and production

rationing cards

government-produced cards to ration out scarce goods during WW2

WW2 war bonds

bonds issued by the U.S. government to financially support wartime operations

Bracero Program

U.S.-Mexican agreement that allowed Mexican men to the U.S. to work on American farms and railroads

War Manpower Commission

federal agency established to manage the U.S. labor force during WW2

Office of Price Administration

U.S. agency established during WW2 to control inflation and rationing

Marshall Plan

U.S. initiative to provide economic aid to western Europe after WW2

Canadianization

the concept that the Canadian military would fight for the British, but with their own forces and leadership

Canadian Navy

the naval force of Canada that played a significant role in WW2

Atlantic Convoy Conference

a meeting with Allied naval commanders to strategize for the Battle of the Atlantic

Canada's second conscription crisis

internal dispute in Canada regarding mandatory conscription after heavy Canadian casualties in WW2

middle power

a state that isn't a superpower but has international influence

Canadian War Measures Act

law that gave Canada's central government full control to win the war, including the economy

Canadian Department of Munitions and Supply

agency created to control Canadian production of war materials in WW2

Crown corporations

federally owned corporations in Canada that were structured like private firms to prevent political control over the corporations

Ogdensburg Agreement

agreement between U.S. and Canada to establish mutual defense between the two nations

Lazaro Cardenas

Mexican army officer, politician, and former president of Mexico

Manuel Avila Camacho

Mexican politician and military leader who served as president of Mexico during WW2

Potrero del Llano incident

incident when a Mexican ship was sunk by a Nazi German submarine, sparking Mexican involvement in WW2

Mexican Navy

the naval forces of Mexico that fought during WW2

Aztec Eagles

Mexican air force unit in WW2 that became a source of national pride for Mexico

NAFINSA

a Mexican government-owned bank that provided loans to emerging businesses during WW2, especially those using Mexican raw materials

Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance and Solidarity

treaty between countries of the Americas signed after WW2 that reiterated Good Neighbor agreements of non-intervention

historian David Wyman

American historian who criticized the lack of American intervention in the Holocaust

historian William O'Neal

American historian who criticized American immigration policies as a result of the Holocaust

historian Henry Feingold

German historian who argued that the Holocaust was outside of American jurisdiction during WW2

historian Doris Kearns Goodwin

American historian who argued that FDR's efforts to win WW2 were his methods to liberate the Jewish people prosecuted by the Holocaust

Nazi Party

far-right political party led by Adolf Hitler in Germany

German American Bund

pro-Nazi, antisemitic political organization in the U.S comprised of German Americans

Anschluss

the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938

Evian Conference

meeting organized by FDR regarding Jewish refugees, even though most nations were unwilling to accept them

Kristallnacht

state-sponsored violence against Jewish people in Germany (Night of the Broken Glass)

Johnson-Reed Act

U.S. law that established immigration quotas that limited Jewish immigration during WW2

Wagner-Rogers bill

proposed law to admit German child refugees into the U.S. that failed

SS St. Louis

ship carrying Jewish refugees that was denied entry by Cuba and the U.S. and was forced to return back to Germany

"America First"

doctrine that prioritizes U.S. interests, especially during WW2 where some Americans promoted an isolationist policy

Final Solution

euphemism for the genocide against European Jewish people during WW2

War Refugee Board

U.S. agency established to rescue and aid Jewish refugees during the Nazi regime

Auschwitz

Nazi Germany's largest concentration camp to exterminate Jewish people

genocide

the deliberate and intentional killing of a certain nation or ethnic group

total war

a war where the entire population is mobilized for war efforts

victory gardens

food gardens planted at residences during WW@ to support the war effort by freeing up commercial food for troops

Tuskegee Airmen

first African American airmen in the U.S. Armed Forces which fought during WW2

Double V Campaign

WW2-era movement by Black Americans to both win against fascism abroad and against segregation in the U.S.

Executive Order 8802

FDR's order that prohibited racial discrimination in the national defense industry

Detroit race riots

violent riots that arose in Detroit due to housing inequality, job scarcity, and policy brutality against Black people

Nationality Act

1940 law that granted citizenship to Native Americans

Code Talkers

group of Native Americans who used their indigenous language to send codes during wars like WW2

Mexican "repatriation"

coerced migration of Mexicans back to Mexico due to xenophobia and deportations

Zoot Suit riots

a series of riots in Los Angeles between young Mexican residents who wore flamboyant zoot suits and American servicemen

GI Bill

law that outlined the benefits that WW2 veterans would receive upon their return to the U.S.

Women's Army Corps (WACs)

women's branch of the U.S. army created during WW2

U.S. Naval Women's Reserve (WAVES)

women's branch of the Naval Reserve created during WW2

Women's Air Force Service Pilots (WASPs)

women's pilot organization comprised of civilians that helped to alleviate the workload of male pilots

Women's Coast Guard Reserve

volunteer women's coast guard organization created during WW2