AP World History Unit 6 Test Multiple Choice Questions Study Set

The sentiments expressed in the quotation above are most supportive of which of the following concepts?

"Again, another marked characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon is what may be called an instinct or genius for colonizing. His unequaled energy, his indomitable perseverance, and his personal independence, made him a pioneer. He excels all others in pushing his way into new countries."

Josiah Strong, American Protestant clergyman, essay on Anglo-Saxons, 1891

B. Imperialism

A historian researching the effects of Christian missionaries' activities on local social structures in late-nineteenth-century Africa would probably find which of the following sources most useful?

A. African accounts of converting to Christianity

The founding of "the Australian nation," as alluded to in the passage, was part of which of the following processes?

"The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal."

Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900

B. European states' establishment of settler colonies

Based on the passage, the author would most likely have agreed with which of the following statements?

"The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal."

Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900

C. Britain had contributed to human progress by taking over new colonies in Africa.

In the late 1800s, attitudes such as the one expressed in the passage had contributed most directly to which of the following?

"The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal."

Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900

A. European states' competition to acquire overseas colonies

Pearson's argument in the passage is most clearly representative of which of the following ideologies?

"The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal."

Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900

Social Darwinism

Based on the passage, it can be inferred that in the late nineteenth century international relations were increasingly perceived as being governed by

"In theory, all of the peoples of the world, though different in their degree of civilization and enlightenment are created equal and are brothers before God. As universal love advances, the theory goes, and as the regulations of international law are put into place, the entire world will soon be at peace. This theory is currently espoused mainly by Western Christian ministers or by persons who are enamored of that religion. However, when we leave this fiction and look at the facts regarding international relations today, we find them shockingly different. Do nations honor treaties? We find not the slightest evidence that they do. When countries break treaties, there are no courts to judge them. Therefore, whether a treaty is honored or not depends entirely on the fi

A. Social Darwinism and international power politics

Between 1750 and 1900, which of the following industrializing states created an empire?

A. Japan

Which of the following scientific concepts had the greatest role in providing a justification for imperialism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

B. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution

Which of the following was a major unintended effect of the publication of Charles Darwin's 1859 work On the Origin of Species?

D. It became the basis of various theories asserting that Europeans were naturally superior to other peoples.

Which of the following best describes the likely purpose of the photograph?

CHARLES GUSTAVE SPITZ, FRENCH PHOTOGRAPHER, CELEBRATING BASTILLE DAY IN TAHITI,* PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN FOR PUBLICATION IN THE FRENCH PRESS, 1889

*French national holiday celebrating the 1789 French Revolution

**French colonial territory in Polynesia, the South Pacific

D. To reassure the French public of the civilizing effects of colonial rule and the loyalty of colonial populations

The photograph best supports which of the following inferences about French colonial rule in Tahiti in the 1880?

CHARLES GUSTAVE SPITZ, FRENCH PHOTOGRAPHER, CELEBRATING BASTILLE DAY IN TAHITI,* PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN FOR PUBLICATION IN THE FRENCH PRESS, 1889

*French national holiday celebrating the 1789 French Revolution

**French colonial territory in Polynesia, the South Pacific

A. Colonial authorities attempted to impart a sense of French national identity to native Tahitians.

Which of the following events would have been most likely to produce a cultural context similar to the one depicted in the image?

CHARLES GUSTAVE SPITZ, FRENCH PHOTOGRAPHER, CELEBRATING BASTILLE DAY IN TAHITI,* PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN FOR PUBLICATION IN THE FRENCH PRESS, 1889

*French national holiday celebrating the 1789 French Revolution

**French colonial territory in Polynesia, the South Pacific

C. The scramble for Africa

Which of the following facilitated the creation of European empires in Africa during the late nineteenth century?

C. Europeans' use of both warfare and diplomacy

Darwin's theories were interpreted by Social Darwinists to indicate that

A. select human groups would dominate those less fit

"Extraterritoriality" can best be described as which of the following?

A. Exemption of foreigners from the laws of the country in which they live

During the nineteenth century, which of the following engaged in a territorial expansion most similar to the one depicted in Map 1 ?

Map 1: GROWTH OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, 1533-1894

Map 2: GROWTH OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE, 1870-1942

C. The United States

The developments depicted in Map 2 most directly emerged from which of the following developments in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

Map 1: GROWTH OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, 1533-1894

Map 2: GROWTH OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE, 1870-1942

B. Government-sponsored industrialization as part of the Meiji reforms

The photo above, showing skin-tone evaluation performed on an Indonesian inmate in a Dutch colonial prison in 1933, most clearly exemplifies which of the following?

D. Influence of scientific theories on race

Which of the following facilitated European expansion in Asia in the nineteenth century?

C. Europe's development of new military technologies

In the late nineteenth century, European imperialism in both Africa and China was characterized by

E. competition among imperialist powers

In the late nineteenth century, European involvement in both Africa and China was characterized primarily by

D. competition among imperialist powers

Which of the following developments facilitated the family situation portrayed in Brandes' sketch?

A SKETCH BY JAN BRANDES, DUTCH LUTHERAN MINISTER LIVING IN JAKARTA, INDONESIA, 1784

The sketch shows the artist's son Johnny and Flora, an enslaved Indonesian household servant.

B. The expansion of European colonial empires in Southeast Asia

The photograph best illustrates which of the following aspects of European colonial policies in nineteenth-century Africa?

PHOTOGRAPH OF A FRENCH SCHOOL IN ALGIERS, INCLUDED IN A FRENCH GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION SHOWING SCENES FROM COLONIAL ALGERIA, 1857

The title of the photograph is "French Arab School in Algiers Under the Supervision of the Colonial Arab Bureau, Class Taught by Monsieur Depielle." The writing on the chalkboard reads: "My children, love France, your new homeland."

D. European states imposing their culture in an attempt to spread their values among colonial populations

The ability of the French colonial government in Algeria to establish schools for the native Algerian population can best be seen as part of which of the following broader developments in European colonialism in the late nineteenth century?

PHOTOGRAPH OF A FRENCH SCHOOL IN ALGIERS, INCLUDED IN A FRENCH GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION SHOWING SCENES FROM COLONIAL ALGERIA, 1857

The title of the photograph is "French Arab School in Algiers Under the Supervision of the Colonial Arab Bureau, Class Taught by Monsieur Depielle." The writing on the chalkboard reads: "My children, love France, your new homeland."

B. Some European states strengthened their control over their existing colonies.

The rapid expansion of European empires in Africa in the late nineteenth century is best explained in the context of which of the following?

PHOTOGRAPH OF A FRENCH SCHOOL IN ALGIERS, INCLUDED IN A FRENCH GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION SHOWING SCENES FROM COLONIAL ALGERIA, 1857

The title of the photograph is "French Arab School in Algiers Under the Supervision of the Colonial Arab Bureau, Class Taught by Monsieur Depielle." The writing on the chalkboard reads: "My children, love France, your new homeland."

B. Political rivalries between European states encouraging diplomatic agreements that reserved colonies for European powers

Which of the following pieces of data from the table most directly contradicts the claims of European imperial powers that colonies existed for the benefit of the colonized?

ANNUAL REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES OF THE AFRICAN FRENCH COLONY OF TOGO, 1938 (In French Francs)

The figures are from a report of the Togo colonial government to the Ministry of Colonies in Paris.

B. Expenditures on administrative salaries were far greater than what was spent on public works and infrastructure.

Which of the following best describes the author's main argument in the passage?

"Historically, economic motives have always loomed large in the process of empire building. Every student of African history concedes the primacy of economic interests in the rise of the great empires during Africa's golden age [circa 900-1400]. The historical explanations of their decline and fall have always had a strong economic orientation, but the correlation between economics and the rise and fall of empires is not a phenomenon peculiar to African history: it is a general historical phenomenon. Since the beginning of history, Africa has faced an assortment of foreign conquerors all initially driven by stories of its enormous wealth—real or imaginary—to invade the continent. Whether similar impulses drove the European conquerors of Africa in the nineteenth century has been the subject of great historical debate. . . . E

D. Economic motives explain much of the motivation for imperial expansion in Africa but cannot be entirely separated from other motives.

In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Social Darwinists made which of the following arguments?

C. Theories of natural selection could be applied to nations, races, and social classes.

The expansion of the Russian Empire in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is primarily explained in the context of which of the following global developments?

"The Crimea!* Once a flourishing and wealthy colony of ancient Greeks, a trade hub for Venetians and Genoese, a center of sciences and the arts! In time, however, it fell to the Mongols, became a haven for robbers, and, under the crescent flag of Islam, began to be a place where Christians were persecuted. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate, the peninsula grew poor, lost its significance, and became a threatening neighbor to the Christian kingdoms of the Caucasus, to Poland, and especially to Russia.

But one hundred years ago, in its forward march to the south, to its natural borders, reclaiming the right to its ancient lands, our empire took possession of the Crimea and rest

D. European states acquiring growing technological and military advantages over non-European societies to expand their power

The second paragraph best provides information about the way in which states in the nineteenth century

"The Crimea!* Once a flourishing and wealthy colony of ancient Greeks, a trade hub for Venetians and Genoese, a center of sciences and the arts! In time, however, it fell to the Mongols, became a haven for robbers, and, under the crescent flag of Islam, began to be a place where Christians were persecuted. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate, the peninsula grew poor, lost its significance, and became a threatening neighbor to the Christian kingdoms of the Caucasus, to Poland, and especially to Russia.

But one hundred years ago, in its forward march to the south, to its natural borders, reclaiming the right to its ancient lands, our empire took possession of the Crimea and restored it to its ancient state of enlightenment and peace. In the pa

C. justified territorial expansion by claiming that they were bringing progress to conquered regions

In its description of the condition of the Crimean Tatars, the second paragraph most directly provides evidence of the influence of which of the following?

"The Crimea!* Once a flourishing and wealthy colony of ancient Greeks, a trade hub for Venetians and Genoese, a center of sciences and the arts! In time, however, it fell to the Mongols, became a haven for robbers, and, under the crescent flag of Islam, began to be a place where Christians were persecuted. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate, the peninsula grew poor, lost its significance, and became a threatening neighbor to the Christian kingdoms of the Caucasus, to Poland, and especially to Russia.

But one hundred years ago, in its forward march to the south, to its natural borders, reclaiming the right to its ancient lands, our empire took possession of the Crimea and restored it to it

C. The concept of the civilizing mission

Which of the following was the most direct political consequence of Japan's attempts to sustain the economic trend shown in the table for the period 1930-1938 ?

Table: JAPANESE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1890-1975

B. Japan engaged in imperial expansion to acquire access to raw materials.

In the Japanese print above of the war between China and Japan (1894-1895), the artist suggests that the

C. Japanese showed their mastery of Western technology, dress and military bearing

Which of the following best summarizes the two plans for improving nutrition in Britain's colonies?

Source 1:

"Any attempt on our part to improve nutrition in Gambia by increased cultivation of foodstuffs will no doubt have to come at the expense of the cultivation of cash crops and would therefore have the adverse economic consequence, in the early stages, of reducing the revenue of the colony. It is hoped, however, that this would be offset by an improvement in the health of the people, leading in time to increased strength and activity which might encourage Gambian farmers to cultivate both more extensively and more intensively than they do at present, resulting ultimately in greater production of cash crops."

Letter from the British governor of the West African colony of Gambia to the British Committee on Nutrition in the Colonial Empire, 1936

Source 2:

"Improvements in nutrition in Kenya must, as a mat

D. Both sources emphasize the need to enlist the cooperation of Africans in implementing colonial policies.

The two passages best represent which of the following justifications for European imperialism?

Source 1:

"Any attempt on our part to improve nutrition in Gambia by increased cultivation of foodstuffs will no doubt have to come at the expense of the cultivation of cash crops and would therefore have the adverse economic consequence, in the early stages, of reducing the revenue of the colony. It is hoped, however, that this would be offset by an improvement in the health of the people, leading in time to increased strength and activity which might encourage Gambian farmers to cultivate both more extensively and more intensively than they do at present, resulting ultimately in greater production of cash crops."

Letter from the British governor of the West African colony of Gambia to the British Committee on Nutrition in the Colonial Empire, 1936

Source 2:

"Improvements in nutrition in Kenya must, as a matter of

The concept of the European mission to civilize colonized peoples

The spread of the liberal ideas discussed in the passage was most directly a result of which of the following?

"[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country's modern politics. Yet Indian liberalism was both wider in scope, and more specific in its remedies, than what is commonly called nationalism. To put it in its most positive light, Indian liberalism represented a broad range of thought and practice directed to the pursuit of political and social liberty. Its common features were a desire to re-empower India's people with personal freedom in the face of a despotic government of foreigners, entrenched traditional authority, and supposedly corrupt domestic or religious practices. Indian liberals sought representation in government service, on grand juries and, later, on elective bodies. They demanded a free press, freedom of assembly

A. The influence of European political and educational institutions facilitated by British imperial policies in India

Italian and German imperial presence in Africa were similar in that both countries

"Italy has 108 inhabitants per square kilometer. In proportion to its territory, only three countries in Europe surpass Italy in population density: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Great Britain. Every year, 100,000 farmers and agricultural laborers emigrate from Italy. Italy witnesses its place in the family of civilized nations growing smaller and smaller as it looks on with fear for its political and economic future. In fact, during the last eighty years the English-speaking population throughout the world has risen from 22 to 90 million; the Russian-speaking population from 50 to 70; and so forth, down to the Spanish population who were 18 million and are now 39. On the other hand, the Italian-speaking population has only increased from 20 to 31 million. At first, our emigrants were spreading Italy's language in foreign countrie

B. were newly unified nations that began colonizing later than other European powers

Martini's argument in the second paragraph most clearly refers to the late-nineteenth-century belief that imperialism was a useful way to

"Italy has 108 inhabitants per square kilometer. In proportion to its territory, only three countries in Europe surpass Italy in population density: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Great Britain. Every year, 100,000 farmers and agricultural laborers emigrate from Italy. Italy witnesses its place in the family of civilized nations growing smaller and smaller as it looks on with fear for its political and economic future. In fact, during the last eighty years the English-speaking population throughout the world has risen from 22 to 90 million; the Russian-speaking population from 50 to 70; and so forth, down to the Spanish population who were 18 million and are now 39. On the other hand, the Italian-speaking population has only increased from 20 to 31 million. At first, our emigra

A. relieve overcrowding and land shortages in European countries

Based on an analysis of the Japanese currency used during the Meiji period (1868—1912) shown above, which of the following is the primary message conveyed by the engraving?

C. The Japanese government saw itself as a major Pacific power.

Which of the following historical developments in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century would have been most likely to undermine the author's vision of Nigerian society as expressed in Source 1 ?

Source 1

Women, a warning. Leave not your homes without good reasonYou may go out to get food or to seek education.In Islam, it is a religious duty to seek knowledgeWomen may leave their homes freely for this.Repent and behave like respectable married womenYou must obey your husbands' lawful demands.You must dress modestly and be God-fearing.Any woman who refuses, receives no benefit,The merciful Lord will punish her.I have written this poem as a warningFor you to put to good use in the community of believers.

Nana Asma'u, Nigerian Muslim princess and daughter of the founder of the Sokoto Caliphate, poem, 1856

Source 2

Girls used to be exchanged for a herd of camels and goats.But the religion we lea

A. Greater global integration resulted in the spread of ideas based on social equality.

The changing relationship between Portugal and Brazil described in the passage can best be understood in the context of which of the following developments after 1750 ?

"With the powerful help of the Catholic Church and the religious orders, the Portuguese were able to impose their language and culture on a considerable portion of Brazil [by 1700].

Even the [colonial] elite had no educational opportunities in Brazil beyond . . . secondary school. Their only alternative was to leave Brazil for Coimbra University [in Portugal], where one hundred of the sons of the colonial Brazilian elite studied law or medicine during the colonial period. Even Coimbra was a very narrow window onto the intellectual revolution that was transforming the rest of Europe. The luckiest of the lucky young colonialists took a diversion to France, which by the early eighteenth century was caught up in the ferment of the Enlightenment.

By t

A. The onset of Latin American independence movements

Social Darwinism was used to justify which of the following during the nineteenth century?

C. British colonization of India

The quotation above by an early-twentieth-century Chinese revolutionary illustrates the influence of

"The yellow and white races which are to be found on the globe have been endowed by nature with intelligence and fighting capacity. They are fundamentally incapable of giving way to each other. Hence, glowering and poised for a fight, they have engaged in battle in the world of evolution, the great arena where strength and intelligence have clashed since earliest times, the great theater where for so long natural selection and progress have been played out."

A. Social Darwinism

The division of islands such as Borneo, New Guinea, and Timor on both maps best reflects which of the following?

Map 1: SOUTHEAST ASIA, CIRCA 1910

Map 2: SOUTHEAST ASIA, CIRCA 1960

D. Conquest by and competition between colonial empires

Which of the following developments in the late 1800s and early 1900s most directly challenges the author's argument regarding the role of Japan in Asia?

"It is not surprising that your nation [Japan] considers it its mission to unite and lead Asia. The European nations, for all their differences, are united like a single country in their attitude towards the non-Europeans. If, for instance, the Mongolians threatened to take a piece of European territory, all the European countries would make common cause to resist them.

But Japan cannot stand alone. She would be bankrupt in competition with a united Europe, and she could not expect support in Europe. It is natural that she should seek it in Asia, in association with a free China, Thailand, and, perhaps, in the ultimate course of things, a free India. An associated Asia would be a powerful force. Of course, that is to look a long way ahead, and there are many ob

A. Japanese imperial expansion into Asian territories such as Taiwan and Korea

The declaration can best be understood as a rejection of which of the following ideals?

1. Scientists have reached general agreement in recognizing that mankind is one: that all men belong to the same species, Homo sapiens. . . .

10. The scientific material available to us at present does not justify the conclusion that inherited genetic differences are a major factor in producing differences between the cultures and cultural achievements of different peoples or groups. . . .

14. The biological fact of race and the myth of "race" should be distinguished. For all practical social purposes "race" is not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth. The myth of "race" has created an enormous amount of human and social damage. In recent years it has taken a heavy toll in human lives and caused untold suffering.

A. According to present knowledge there is no proof that the groups of mankind differ in their

A. The belief that some groups of people are inherently superior to others

Which of the following best characterizes Western imperialist expansion in the late nineteenth century?

C. An unprecedented amount of territory colonized in a short period of time

The trade patterns shown on the map above depict

A. British imports of raw materials and exports of finished goods during the nineteenth century

The trade patterns shown on the map above depict

A. British imports of raw cotton and exports of finished cotton in the 1850s

Which of the following groups in late-nineteenth-century Egypt would have been most likely to support the author's view in the third paragraph about the status of women in "modern civilization" ?

"I read with interest the recent article in your newspaper entitled 'Should a Woman Demand All the Rights of a Man?' In my view, to answer that question correctly, we first need to examine the roles of men and women in civilization—especially modern civilization—because what may have been true in ancient times no longer applies in our present situation.

Modern civilization has moved beyond the condition of the past because society is no longer characterized by roughness and reliance on physical power. Victory no longer goes to him who was the strongest, the best able to endure hardship, or committed the most atrocities.

By contrast, the basis of our modern civilization is good upbringing and the refinement o

C. The urban middle class

The letter's reference in the third paragraph to the claims of "our doctors and scientists" is best understood in the context of which of the following late nineteenth-century processes?

"I read with interest the recent article in your newspaper entitled 'Should a Woman Demand All the Rights of a Man?' In my view, to answer that question correctly, we first need to examine the roles of men and women in civilization—especially modern civilization—because what may have been true in ancient times no longer applies in our present situation.

Modern civilization has moved beyond the condition of the past because society is no longer characterized by roughness and reliance on physical power. Victory no longer goes to him who was the strongest, the best able to endure hardship, or committed the most atrocities.

By contrast, the basis of our modern civilization is good upbringing and the refinement of morals

A. Physical differences between genders and racial groups were used to justify the denial of rights to women and non-Europeans.

Césaire's statement above was most likely made in response to

"Every denial of justice, every beating by the police, every demand of [colonial] workers that is drowned in blood, every scandal that is hushed up, every punitive expedition . . . brings home to us the value of our old societies. They were communal societies, never societies of the many for the few. They were societies that were not only pre-capitalist, but also anti-capitalist. They were democratic societies, always. They were cooperative societies, fraternal societies. I make a systematic defense of the societies destroyed by imperialism."

Aimé Césaire, Afro-Caribbean intellectual, Discourse on Colonialism, 1953

C. European colonizers' claim that their rule had improved life in the colonies

The author's political point of view can be most clearly seen in the way in which the passage

"The misfortunes and decline of this country [Bengal, a region in eastern India] began on the day of the Muslim conquest. Just as a storm wreaks destruction and disorder upon a garden, so did the unscrupulous and tyrannical Muslims destroy the happiness and good fortune of Bengal. Ravaged by endless waves of oppression, the people of Bengal became withdrawn and timid. Hinduism, our native religion, also took distorted forms.

But there are limits to everything. When the oppressions of the Muslims became intolerable, Brahma, the Lord of the Universe, provided a means of escape. The resumption of Bengal's good fortune began on the day the British flag was first planted on this land. Tell me, if Muslim rule had continued, what would the condition of this country have been today? It must be loudly declared that it is to bl

C. omits any mention of the economic exploitation and resource extraction practiced by the British in India

The arguments expressed in the passage are significant because they help explain why

"The misfortunes and decline of this country [Bengal, a region in eastern India] began on the day of the Muslim conquest. Just as a storm wreaks destruction and disorder upon a garden, so did the unscrupulous and tyrannical Muslims destroy the happiness and good fortune of Bengal. Ravaged by endless waves of oppression, the people of Bengal became withdrawn and timid. Hinduism, our native religion, also took distorted forms.

But there are limits to everything. When the oppressions of the Muslims became intolerable, Brahma, the Lord of the Universe, provided a means of escape. The resumption of Bengal's good fortune began on the day the British flag was first planted on this land. Tell me, if Muslim rule had continued, what would the condition of this country have been today? It must be loudly declared that it is to bless us that

A. social divisions within colonial societies often hindered the efforts of anticolonial movements to overthrow imperial rule

A historian analyzing the lecture would most likely argue that the audience of Chakravarti's lecture is significant because it shows the most direct contrast with which of the following developments in the nineteenth century?

"The misfortunes and decline of this country [Bengal, a region in eastern India] began on the day of the Muslim conquest. Just as a storm wreaks destruction and disorder upon a garden, so did the unscrupulous and tyrannical Muslims destroy the happiness and good fortune of Bengal. Ravaged by endless waves of oppression, the people of Bengal became withdrawn and timid. Hinduism, our native religion, also took distorted forms.

But there are limits to everything. When the oppressions of the Muslims became intolerable, Brahma, the Lord of the Universe, provided a means of escape. The resumption of Bengal's good fortune began on the day the British flag was first planted on this land. Tell me,

C. Religious movements often inspired rebellions against imperial rule.

Ethiopia's cultural traditions reflected in the painting had which of the following effects on Ethiopia's interactions with European colonial empires in the late nineteenth century?

The image above, from seventeenth-century Ethiopia, shows the Virgin Mary and Christ Child with the merchant who commissioned the painting lying below.

A. They provided Ethiopians with an additional rationale for resisting European encroachment.

The revenues section of the table can best be used to illustrate which of the following continuities between pre-1900 and post-1900 European imperialism?

Table: ANNUAL REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES OF THE AFRICAN FRENCH COLONY OF TOGO, 1938 (in French francs)

The figures are from a report of the Togo colonial government to the Ministry of Colonies in Paris.

D. Colonial powers sought to extract wealth and economic resources from the colonized peoples.

In Poem 1, the sentiments regarding education and politics are best understood in the context of which of the following?

Poem 1

"The world calls us coolie.*

Why doesn't our flag fly anywhere?

How shall we survive, are we slaves forever? Why aren't we involved in politics?

From the beginning we have been oppressed. Why don't we even dream of freedom?

Only a handful of oppressors have taken our fields. Why has no Indian cultivator risen and protected his land?

Our children cry out for want of education. Why don't we open science colleges?"

*An insulting term for South or East Asian manual workers

Poem 2

"Why do you sit silent in your own country You who make so much noise in foreign lands? Noise outside of India is of little avail.

Pay attention to activities within India.

You are quarreling and Hindu-Muslim conflict is prevalent.

The jewel of India is rotting in the earth because you are fighting over t

C. The British failure to provide mass education in India, for fear that doing so would encourage resistance against imperial rule

In the late nineteenth century, which of the following would most motivate the Dutch to continue to expand their presence in Indonesia?

Image: A SKETCH BY JAN BRANDES, DUTCH LUTHERAN MINISTER LIVING IN JAKARTA, INDONESIA, 1784

The sketch shows the artist's son Johnny and Flora, an enslaved Indonesian household servant.

A. The acquisition of natural resources for manufacturing

Which of the following best describes the excerpt above?

"Whereas we, the undersigned kings and chiefs of Fanti, have unanimously resolved and agreed upon the articles hereinafter named.

"Article 1—That we form ourselves into a Committee with the view of effecting unity of purpose and of action between the kings and chiefs of the Fanti territory.

"Article 12—That the Representative Assembly of the Fanti Confederation shall have the power of preparing laws, ordinances, bills, etc."

Excerpt, Constitution of the Fanti Confederation, West Africa, 1871

A. A liberal nationalist response to colonialism

Which of the following was among the first results of the European Industrial Revolution in other parts of the world?

B. Increased demand for commodities such as cotton and palm oil

A historian interpreting the policies advocated for in the passage would most likely argue that they are best explained in the context of which of the following?

"It is not too much to hope that, with the building of a branch railway to this region, European piece goods might be imported so as to undersell the native cloth. And the effect would be that not only would a larger supply of the raw material be obtained—for the cotton that is now spun into yarn in Berar would be exported—but also the large local population now employed in spinning and weaving would be made available for agricultural labor, and thus the jungle land might be broken up."

Harry Rivett-Carnac, British cotton commissioner for Berar province, India, annual report, 1869

B. The importance of raw materials to the development of industrial economies

On a global scale, the implementation of the types of policies that Rivett-Carnac advocated for in the passage is most significant in that it directly led to the

"It is not too much to hope that, with the building of a branch railway to this region, European piece goods might be imported so as to undersell the native cloth. And the effect would be that not only would a larger supply of the raw material be obtained—for the cotton that is now spun into yarn in Berar would be exported—but also the large local population now employed in spinning and weaving would be made available for agricultural labor, and thus the jungle land might be broken up."

Harry Rivett-Carnac, British cotton commissioner for Berar province, India, annual report, 1869

B. growth of nationalist movements in colonial societies against imperial rule

Rivett-Carnac's point of view is directly relevant in understanding all of the following features of the report EXCEPT

"It is not too much to hope that, with the building of a branch railway to this region, European piece goods might be imported so as to undersell the native cloth. And the effect would be that not only would a larger supply of the raw material be obtained—for the cotton that is now spun into yarn in Berar would be exported—but also the large local population now employed in spinning and weaving would be made available for agricultural labor, and thus the jungle land might be broken up."

Harry Rivett-Carnac, British cotton commissioner for Berar province, India, annual report, 1869

C. the fact that the report states the railroad would lead to a reduction in the area of Berar covered by jungle

During the nineteenth century, which of the following most directly motivated the major expansion of imperial territories in Southeast Asia as shown in Map 1 ?

Map 1: SOUTHEAST ASIA, CIRCA 1910

Map 2: SOUTHEAST ASIA, CIRCA 1960

B. The desire to extract resources and raw materials

A historian researching factors that contributed to the rise of industrial production in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries would find which of the following types of sources most helpful?

C. Data on migration of rural populations to urban areas

A historian researching international migration patterns of the nineteenth century would find which of the following sources most useful?

A. Census records from New York and Buenos Aires detailing the birthplaces of individuals

The trade described in the passage is best seen as an early example of which of the following?

"Imagine that Chinese ships were to start importing arsenic* into England, advertising it as a harmless, foreign and fashionable luxury. Next, imagine that after a few years of arsenic being all the rage, with hundreds of thousands using it, the British government were to ban its use because of its bad effects. Finally, imagine again that, in opposition to this ban on arsenic, Chinese ships were to be positioned off the coast of England, making occasional raids on London.

Advocates of the opium-smuggling profession argue that it is immensely profitable and that supplying opium in bulk as they are doing is not immoral and it only becomes vulgar when the opium is sold in small portions, to individual users. What admirable logic with which one may shield oneself from reality, satisfied that the opium trade is nothing more t

D. The use of economic imperialism by European merchants and states

An increase in the number of overseas investment opportunities such as those shown in the table in the nineteenth century most strongly contributed to which of the following processes?

Table: INFORMATION ON PROFITS AND RISKS OF VARIOUS INVESTMENT TYPES, PROVIDED BY ENGLISH COMMERCIAL BANKS AND OTHER PRIVATE LENDERS TO PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS, 1750 TO 1800

B. Economic imperialism in Asia and Latin America, as Western individuals and businesses pressured their governments to protect their investments

The changes in the distribution of cities in the period 1800 to 1900 C.E. best illustrate the impact of

Graph: LOCATIONS OF THE WORLD'S MAJOR CITIES, 200-1900 C.E.

B. the Industrial Revolution

Which of the following best explains the changes in the population of the Hawaiian Islands from 1872 to 1878 ?

Table: POPULATION OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS IN THE PACIFIC, 1778-1878

A. The increased presence of Asian indentured servants on Hawaiian plantations

Which of the following most accurately describes the interactions between China and Europe in the nineteenth century?

B. China effectively lost its economic independence to Europe as a result of military losses to European forces.

Late-nineteenth-century transoceanic labor migrations were most directly facilitated by which of the following developments?

"When I was ten years old, I worked on my father's farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father's farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards.

The man's wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me s

B. The development of new, more affordable methods of transportation

Long-distance immigration to the Americas in the late nineteenth century most often contributed to which of the following processes?

"When I was ten years old, I worked on my father's farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father's farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards.

The man's wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father g

D. Growing rates of urbanization as migrants predominantly settled in cities in the receiving societies

Which of the following statements is true of global migration patterns during the nineteenth century?

B. Migrants increasingly relocated from rural areas to cities.

Which of the following describes the major impact of the introduction of coffee growing in places like Kenya and El Salvador after 1880 ?

E. Greater dependence on foreign markets by Africans and Latin Americans

Which of the following occurred in nineteenth-century Africa as a result of the end of the transatlantic slave trade?

A. An increased use of slave labor within Africa

Which of the following processes in the nineteenth century most directly created the economic needs filled by Indian indentured servants in the Caribbean?

Table: INDENTURED AND POST-INDENTURED WORKERS FROM INDIA EMPLOYED ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS ON THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD, BRITISH CARIBBEAN, 1854-1910

C. The abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and of slavery in British colonies

In the mid-twentieth century, the presence of Chinese and Japanese populations in North America and of South Asian populations in the Caribbean and South Africa is best explained by which of the following?

C. Labor migrations during the nineteenth century

As described in the passage, Anna da Trindade's life differed from the typical experience of newly arrived slaves in colonial Latin America in that she was

"Last Will and Testament

I, Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Roman Catholic since baptism, always firm in the faith of the Catholic religion, declare the present Will in the following manner:

I declare that I was born on the Coast of Africa from where I was transported to the states of Brazil and the city of Salvador in the state of Bahia where I have lived until the present. I was a slave of Theodozia Maria da Cruz, who bought me as part of a parcel of slaves, and who freed me for the amount of one hundred mil-réis,* which I gave her in cash. And as a freed woman I have enjoyed this same freedom without the least opposition until the present time.

I declare that I was never married and always remained single. And in this state I had five children.

I declare

D. able to purchase her freedom

Which of the following was the most significant change in Latin American labor systems between the time the document was produced and 1900 ?

"Last Will and Testament

I, Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Roman Catholic since baptism, always firm in the faith of the Catholic religion, declare the present Will in the following manner:

I declare that I was born on the Coast of Africa from where I was transported to the states of Brazil and the city of Salvador in the state of Bahia where I have lived until the present. I was a slave of Theodozia Maria da Cruz, who bought me as part of a parcel of slaves, and who freed me for the amount of one hundred mil-réis,* which I gave her in cash. And as a freed woman I have enjoyed this same freedom without the least opposition until the present time.

I declare that I was never married and always remained single. And in this state I had five children.

I declare that the goods I

A. Slavery was abolished in all Latin American countries.

Which of the following countries or regions led the world in the production of cotton cloth in 1700?

E. India

As illustrated by the passage, which of the following best explains the persistence of slavery in some parts of the Americas into the late nineteenth century?

"We often see articles in our [Brazilian] newspapers trying to convince the reader that slavery among us is a very mild and pleasant condition for the slave—so often, in fact, that one may almost begin to believe that, if slaves were asked, they would prefer slavery to freedom. This only proves that newspaper articles are not written by slaves. . . .

The legal position of slaves in Brazil can be summed up in these words: the Constitution does not apply to them. Our [1824] Constitution is full of lofty ideas [such as]: 'No citizen can be forced to do anything except as required by law;' 'The law shall apply equally to every person;' 'Whipping, torture, and all other cruel punishments are abolished,' etc. Yet, in this ostensibly free nation . . .

B. Cash-crop plantation agriculture remained an important part of some nations' economies.

Which of the following best accounts for the circumstances of Indian workers alluded to in Poem 1 ?

Poem 1

"The world calls us coolie.*

Why doesn't our flag fly anywhere?

How shall we survive, are we slaves forever? Why aren't we involved in politics?

From the beginning we have been oppressed. Why don't we even dream of freedom?

Only a handful of oppressors have taken our fields. Why has no Indian cultivator risen and protected his land?

Our children cry out for want of education. Why don't we open science colleges?"

*An insulting term for South or East Asian manual workers

Poem 2

"Why do you sit silent in your own country You who make so much noise in foreign lands? Noise outside of India is of little avail.

Pay attention to activities within India.

You are quarreling and Hindu-Muslim conflict is prevalent.

The jewel of India is rotting in the earth because you are fighting over the Vedas and the Kora

C. The coerced migration of Indian indentured servants

In the passage above, Lin Zexu is asking that the British do which of the following?

"We have heard that in your own country opium is prohibited with the utmost strictness and severity — this is a strong proof that you know full well how hurtful opium is to humans. Since you do not permit it to injure your own country, you ought not to have the injurious drug transferred to another country, and above all other, not to China!"

Qing government commissioner Lin Zexu to Queen Victoria of Great Britain, 1839

B. Ban the sale of opium by British merchants in China

Which of the following best explains all of the migration movements shown on the map above?

Map: NINETEENTH-CENTURY EMIGRATION FROM CHINA AND INDIA

C. Labor shortages in plantation agriculture, the mineral extraction industry, and transportation projects

Which of the following is a similarity between European and Asian immigrants to the Americas during the nineteenth century?

A. Both were attracted by employment opportunities.

Stanley's description of the riches of the Congo in the first two paragraphs can best be seen as an attempt to

"Let us take North America, for instance, and the richest portion of it—the Mississippi basin—to compare with the Congo River basin in Africa. When early explorers such as de Soto first navigated the Mississippi and the Indians were the undisputed masters of that enormous river basin, the European spirit of enterprise would have found only a few valuable products there—mainly some furs and timber.

The Congo River basin is, however, much more promising at the stage of underdevelopment. The forests on the banks of the Congo are filled with precious hardwoods; among the climbing vines in the forest is the one from which rubber is produced (the best of which sells for two shillings per pound), and among its palms are some whose oil is a staple article of commerce and others whose fibers make the best

C. place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other imperial ventures that had seemed difficult at first but have subsequently turned out to be highly valuable

The commodities listed by Stanley in the second paragraph can best be understood in the context of

"Let us take North America, for instance, and the richest portion of it—the Mississippi basin—to compare with the Congo River basin in Africa. When early explorers such as de Soto first navigated the Mississippi and the Indians were the undisputed masters of that enormous river basin, the European spirit of enterprise would have found only a few valuable products there—mainly some furs and timber.

The Congo River basin is, however, much more promising at the stage of underdevelopment. The forests on the banks of the Congo are filled with precious hardwoods; among the climbing vines in the forest is the one from which rubber is produced (the best of which sells for two shillings per pound), and among its palms are some whose oil is a staple article of commerce and others whose fibers make the best cordage.

But w

A. Europeans' need for resources to be used in industrial production

Based on the third paragraph, Stanley's vision of the future of the Congo River basin can best be seen as part of which of the following late-nineteenth-century developments?

"Let us take North America, for instance, and the richest portion of it—the Mississippi basin—to compare with the Congo River basin in Africa. When early explorers such as de Soto first navigated the Mississippi and the Indians were the undisputed masters of that enormous river basin, the European spirit of enterprise would have found only a few valuable products there—mainly some furs and timber.

The Congo River basin is, however, much more promising at the stage of underdevelopment. The forests on the banks of the Congo are filled with precious hardwoods; among the climbing vines in the forest is the one from which rubber is produced (the best of which sells for two shillings per pound), and among its palms are some whose oil is a s

C. Economic imperialism

The disputes over women's social status alluded to in the letter best reflect which of the following late nineteenth-century changes in Middle Eastern societies?

"I read with interest the recent article in your newspaper entitled 'Should a Woman Demand All the Rights of a Man?' In my view, to answer that question correctly, we first need to examine the roles of men and women in civilization—especially modern civilization—because what may have been true in ancient times no longer applies in our present situation.

Modern civilization has moved beyond the condition of the past because society is no longer characterized by roughness and reliance on physical power. Victory no longer goes to him who was the strongest, the best able to endure hardship, or committed the most atrocities.

By contrast, the basis of our modern civilization is good upbringing and the refinement of morals through the development of li

D. The spread of intellectual and political ideals that advocated for natural rights

Which of the following best describes the artist's likely purpose in painting this particular subject?

Image: AGOSTINO BRUNIAS, ITALIAN PAINTER, PAINTING SHOWING FREE WOMEN OF MIXED RACIAL ANCESTRY WITH THEIR CHILDREN AND SERVANTS IN DOMINICA, A BRITISH COLONY IN THE WEST INDIES, LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

C. To argue for the respectability of free people of color

The artist's perspective on the subject of the painting was most likely influenced by which of the following?

Image: AGOSTINO BRUNIAS, ITALIAN PAINTER, PAINTING SHOWING FREE WOMEN OF MIXED RACIAL ANCESTRY WITH THEIR CHILDREN AND SERVANTS IN DOMINICA, A BRITISH COLONY IN THE WEST INDIES, LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

A. The Enlightenment

On a global scale, the gender makeup of the migrants referred to in the second paragraph best helps to explain which of the following social changes in home societies in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

"When I was ten years old, I worked on my father's farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father's farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards.

The man's wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my

B. Women taking on new roles that had been formerly occupied by men

The numbers in Column B are most likely a reflection of which trend that affected many migrants in the late nineteenth century?

Table: INDENTURED AND POST-INDENTURED WORKERS FROM INDIA EMPLOYED ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS ON THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD, BRITISH CARIBBEAN, 1854-1910

A. Migrants often lacked opportunities for economic and social advancement as a result of anti-immigrant prejudice and racism in the receiving societies.

The table indicates that Indian labor migration to Trinidad in the mid- to late nineteenth century shared which of the following patterns with global migration processes in the same period?

Table: INDENTURED AND POST-INDENTURED WORKERS FROM INDIA EMPLOYED ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS ON THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD, BRITISH CARIBBEAN, 1854-1910

C. Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general involved migrants who were mostly male.

The photograph best illustrates which aspect of population movements in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

Image: INDIAN MUSLIM TROOPS IN THE BRITISH ARMED FORCES PRAYING. PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN IN SURREY, ENGLAND, 1916

In the background, a group of British civilians, mostly women, are watching the troops pray.

A. They often involved the spread of cultural traditions into new locations.

The author's statement that descendants of Italian emigrants "ended up forgetting the language of their fathers and forefathers" most directly refers to which of the following aspects of nineteenth-century migration?

"Italy has 108 inhabitants per square kilometer. In proportion to its territory, only three countries in Europe surpass Italy in population density: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Great Britain. Every year, 100,000 farmers and agricultural laborers emigrate from Italy. Italy witnesses its place in the family of civilized nations growing smaller and smaller as it looks on with fear for its political and economic future. In fact, during the last eighty years the English-speaking population throughout the world has risen from 22 to 90 million; the Russian-speaking population from 50 to 70; and so forth, down to the Spanish population who were 18 million and are now 39. On the other hand, the Italian

C. Immigrants often adopted the dominant culture of the state in receiving societies.

Which of the following nineteenth-century processes most directly contributed to the migration of Indian laborers to Fiji as described in the passage?

"On May 21, 1987, exactly a week after the elected government of Fiji* had been ousted in a military coup . . . a huge bused-in crowd of ethnic Fijian men and women sat on the lawn across the Civil Center in the capital city, clapping and singing, while the Royal Fiji Military Forces band played 'Onward Christian Soldiers.' Across the park, another crowd of Indo-Fijian men and women and children watched apprehensive, bewildered, frightened. . . . The coup-maker, Lt. Col. Sitiveni Rabuka, an ethnic Fijian, appeared on the balcony. . . . With both fists punching the air, he addressed his supporters, ' [Ethnic] Fijians must rule Fiji: that is God's wish.'

Ten years later, Prime Minister Rabuka, now a mellowed, greyer, balding man, addressed a multiracial elec

B. Colonial states in Asia and the Pacific relied on coerced labor to work on plantations.