AP US History Unit 3

French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

George Washington

Commander of the Continental Army, 1st president, Federalist, Whiskey Rebellion

Albany Plan of Union

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

King George III

King of England during the American Revolution, highly disliked by the colonists for refusing to pay taxes that were meant to pay back debt from the F&I War

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Taxation without representation

the idea that it is unfair to tax someone without giving them a voice in government

Stamp Act Congress (1765)

Twenty-seven delegates from 9 colonies met from October 7-24, 1765, and drew up a list of declarations and petitions against the new taxes imposed on the colonies. Able to repeal Stamp Act

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

Daughters of Liberty

This organization supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain. They believed that way, the American colonies would become economically independent. Homespun movement

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

Virginia Resolves

In response to the 1765 Stamp Act, Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia House of Burgesses to adopt several strongly worded resolutions that denied Parliament's right to tax the colonies. Known as the Virginia Resolves, these resolutions persuaded many other colonial legislatures to adopt similar positions.

Patrick Henry

"Give me Liberty or Give me Death" influential speech to rally American colonists to the cause of independence from British - he believed freedom was worth dying for

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Intolerable Acts

series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party. Shut down the Boston Harbor which hurt merchants

First Continental Congress (1774)

Convention of delegates from the colonies called in to discuss their response to the passage of the Intolerable Acts. Wanted to go back to salutary neglect

John Adams

2nd President of the United States (1735-1826), lawyer for Boston Massacre English Soldiers, Asked TJ to draft Dec of Ind

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

"Remember the Ladies"

In a letter written by Abigail Adams to John Adams in 1776, Abigail was asking Adams to make laws that would offer rights for women, not only men, protecting them against abusive and tyrannical men.

Lexington and Concord

April 8, 1775: Gage leads 700 soldiers to confiscate colonial weapons and arrest Adam, and Hancock; April 19, 1775: 70 armed militia face British at Lexington (shot heard around the world); British retreat to Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the way (concord)

Colonial Militia

A volunteer group of soldiers that did not like British rule. Played useful roles in many battles , especially as the support and reinforcements for the Continental Army regulator.

Bunker Hill

(June 17, 1775) Site of a battle early in the Revolutionary War. This battle contested control of two hills (Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill) overlooking Boston Harbor. The British captured the hills after the Americans ran-out of ammunition. "Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes!" Battle implied that Americans could fight the British if they had sufficient supplies.

Second Continental Congress (1775)

a convention of delegates from the 13 Colonies, managed the colonial war effort, sent The Olive Branch Petition, moved incrementally towards independence, adopted the Declaration of Independence, acted as the de facto national government.

Continental Army

the American army during the American Revolution. Led by George Washington

Olive Branch Petition (1775)

Adopted by the Continental Congress in an attempt to avoid a full-blown war with Great Britain.
Provisions:
Affirmed American loyalty to Great Britain and entreated the king to prevent further conflict.
Historical Significance:
Rejected and the colonies were formally declared in rebellion.

Common Sense by Thomas Paine

Pamphlet that encouraged the Colonists to fight the British. Target loyalists

Declaration of Independence

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state.

Natural Rights

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

Patriots

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Battle of Saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.

Battle of Yorktown (1781)

last major battle of Revolution. French navy and ground troops were crucial to victory.

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River

Separation of Powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

Constitutional Convention

The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution.

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Great Compromise

1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.

3/5 Compromise

-each slave would count for 3/5 of a person for taxation and representation purposes

Ratification

Formal approval

Federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.
Strong Central Gov't
Weak State Gov't

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption.
Weak central government
strong state government

the Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Democratic-Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Report on Public Credit (1790)

This was the first major analyze of America's economy

Tariff

A government tax on imports or exports

National Bank

a bank chartered, or licensed, by the national government. Made by Hamilton and supported by Washington

Haitian Revolution

A major influece of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

A formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Washington Farewell Address

Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Series of four laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants. John Adam's Presidency

XYZ Affair

A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Nullification Crisis

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)

Democratic Republican

Domestic Policy:
Shrink size of federal government
Repeal of Alien and Sedition Acts
Marbury v Madison
War with Supreme Court—Pickering/Chase
Burr Conspiracy
Essex Junto
Revolution of 1800
Berlin and Milan/Orders in Council

Foreign Policy:
Barbary Pirates conflict
Louisiana Purchase
Chesapeake incident/ impressment
Embargo Act > Non-Intercourse Act
Napoleon

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

Aaron Burr

Jefferson's Vice President; killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel