Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

Flashcards covering key concepts from autonomic nervous system, heart anatomy, respiratory medical terms, pathophysiology of hypertension, renal function, immune system, anemia, coagulation cascade, homeostasis loops, and sensory pathways.

What is the function of the Sympathetic Nervous System?

It initiates the 'Fight or Flight' response, increasing heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP), and dilating pupils.

Auto immune

Body attack itself

Fibrin

Protein that makes clot mash

Intrinsic pathway

Clotting triggered by internal damage

Vitamin K

Needed to make clotting factors

Hemophilia

Missing clotting factor = bleeding disorder

Extrinsic Pathway

Clotting triggered by external injury

Aplastic Anemia

Bone marrow fails to make blood cells

H. pylori

Bacteria causing ulcers

Stroke Volume

Blood pumped out per beat

What does the Parasympathetic Nervous System do?

It is responsible for the 'Rest & Digest' response, decreasing heart rate and increasing digestion.

What is the main neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system?

Norepinephrine.

What is the function of the vagus nerve?

It is the major parasympathetic nerve controlling the heart, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract.

What does bronchoconstriction refer to?

Narrowing of the airways, making it hard to breathe out.

What is the purpose of Albuterol?

It is a quick-relief bronchodilator used in rescue inhalers.

What sound is associated with wheezing?

A whistling sound due to tight airways.

What are the atria in heart anatomy?

The top chambers of the heart that receive blood.

What are the ventricles in heart anatomy?

The bottom chambers of the heart that pump blood.

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

On the right side, between the atrium and ventricle.

What does systole refer to?

The contraction phase of the ventricles when blood is pumped out.

What occurs during diastole?

The relaxation phase when the heart fills with blood.

What is the aorta's function?

It is the largest artery that sends oxygenated blood to the body.

What does the pulmonary artery do?

It takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

What does dyspnea mean?

Shortness of breath.

What does tachypnea indicate?

Rapid breathing.

What does hypoxia refer to?

Low oxygen levels in tissues.

What is hypercapnia?

High carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

What is anuria?

No urine output, classified as less than 100 mL/day.

What is the basic unit of the kidney?

Nephron.

What role does erythropoietin play in the body?

It is a hormone from the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells (RBCs).

What does peripheral vascular resistance affect?

It influences blood pressure.

What is hemoglobin's role in the body?

It is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

What is iron-deficiency anemia?

A condition characterized by low hemoglobin due to insufficient iron.

What characterizes pernicious anemia?

It is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B12.

How does hemolytic anemia occur?

It occurs when red blood cells break down too quickly.

What is the function of platelets in the coagulation cascade?

They initiate the clotting process.

What does the term hemostasis refer to?

The process of blood clot formation to stop bleeding.

What does negative feedback in homeostasis do?

It reverses a change to maintain balance.

What is the role of the hypothalamus in homeostasis?

It acts as the brain's control center for maintaining homeostasis.

What is myopia?

Nearsightedness.

What is hyperopia?

Farsightedness.

What does the cochlea do?

It converts sound waves into signals for the brain.

What is tinnitus?

A ringing sensation in the ears.

What do the semicircular canals help with?

They assist with balance.

What are the functions of the retina?

It contains rods and cones, which are light-sensitive cells.

What is the function of the lens in the eye?

It focuses light onto the retina.

What is a peptic ulcer?

An open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum.

What condition does GERD refer to?

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus.

What is the effect of magnesium on the body?

It helps to calm muscles and nerves.

What does oliguria mean in terms of kidney function?

It refers to low urine output (less than 400 mL per day).

What is the significance of the glomerulus?

It acts as a tiny filter within the nephron.

What is the role of hypertension in cardiovascular health?

It refers to high blood pressure which can lead to serious health issues.

What causes inflammation in the respiratory system?

It is swelling and redness inside the airways.

What is the significance of the RAAS system?

It raises blood pressure through various mechanisms.

What does the term apnea indicate?

It means there is no breathing occurring.