A.2.2.1 (2) Chemical composition of macronutrients

what are carbohydrates composed of, and the ratio

carbon:hydrogen:oxygen = 1:2:1

what are they classified into

• monosaccharides

• disaccharides

• oligosaccharides

• polysaccharides

what are lipids also called

triglycerides

triglyceride (fats/lipids) structure

one glycerol moelcule and three fatty acids

what are they a chain of

• carbon atoms

• hydrogen attached

• methyl group (CH₃)

• carboxyl group (COOH)

what are proteins formed by

amino acids

what elements are amino acids made of

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

what is glycogen

storage form of glucose

how is glycogen formed

two glucose molecules combining to make a disaccharide via a condensation reaction

what results in a polysaccharide

repeated process

what does the condensation reaction involve

removal of water

what type of bond is formed when two monosacchairdes combine

a glycosidic bond

what is aerobic catabolism

breakdown of molecules in the presence of oxygen to release energy

what is a key process of aerobic catabolism

cellular respiration

what are the by-porducts

water and CO₂ and a lot of ATP

what is the efficiency

high ATP yeild (34-38 ATP)

where does it occur

in the mitochondria

what is a sporting example

long distance running, moderate-intensity exrcise

what is anaerobic catabolism

breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen

what is a key process

glycolysis formed by fermentation

what are the by-products of anaerobic catabolism

lactic acid (animals), ethanol and CO₂ (yeast)

how efficient is AC

low ATP yield

location of AC

cytoplasm

sporting example of AC

sprinting or high intensity, short duration exercise