Argumentation and Advocacy Exam 1

Argumentation and Advocacy Exam

What is a proposition of fact?

something that can be verified

What is a proposition of value?

something that pertains to values / morality

What is a proposition of policy?

Something that describes a plan of how to address an issue

What are the four stages of stasis?

Stasis of fact, Stasis of definition, Stasis of quality, and Stasis of policy

What is stasis of fact?

Asks: Is it true? Did this actually happen?; you are arguing on the facts of the argument

What is stasis of definition?

Asks: How do we classify the act? What kind of problem or issue is this? How do we name it?

What is the stasis of quality?

Asks: How bad/good is it? How serious is it? Was it fair/just? Are there any mitigating circumstances to consider?

What is the stasis of policy?

Asks: Should we take action? What action should we take?

What is the presumption of innocence?

a defendant is innocent until proven guilty, the burden of proof is on the prosecution

What is the presumption of existing institutions (and policies)?

we trust institutions that have credibility and we normally believe what they say (the burden of proof is on the person challenging them)

What is presumption against a paradox?

if you have a position that is against the prevailing opinion (what most people believe is true) then you have the burden of truth to believe that that thing that everyone believes is not true

What is presumption of Christianity?

religion and the majority should hold the presumption, if you are going against culture and the tradition then you should have the burden of proof

What is the presumption of deference (to authorities)?

you should respect your elders or authority figures, if you disagree with them then you have the burden of proof

What is the presumption of tradition?

we should do things because we have always done them this way, if you disagree then you have the burden of proof

What is deductive reasoning?

It goes from general to a specific conclusion; it is a syllogistic form that leads to necessary conclusions

What is the typical structure of a syllogism?

major premise (a generalization that relates to categories of terms), then that major premise is applied to a minor premise (an example of something that the major premise can apply to), then you have a necessary conclusion (unavoidable- this is the conclusion that has to be reached based on the structure of the argument)

What does validity of a syllogism refer to?

the structure

What does soundness of a syllogism refer to?

whether or not is it true

Can an argument be valid but false?

yes