AP HUG 6.8-6.11 + Unit 6 FRQ

mixed land use

More than one type of zoning, such as a condominium that has residential and commercial units.

de facto segregation

Racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement

urban sprawl

The process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over fertile agricultural land.

urban revitalization

The process occurring in some urban areas experiencing inner city decay that usually involves the construction of new shopping districts, entertainment venues, and cultural attractions to entice young urban professionals back into the cities where nightlife and culture are more accessible.

traditional zoning

This refers to setting aside buildings for specific uses. It is done by local governments, and allows for one building to be zoned as either residential, commercial, or industrial.

mixed-use development

development that combines housing and businesses in one area

walkability

the overall level of comfort, access, enjoyment, and connectivity of an area that facilitates walking

smart growth policies

Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland by concentrating walkable cities.

New Urbanism

Outlined by a group of architects, urban planners, and developers from over 20 countries, an urban design that calls for development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs.

EX: Seaside, FL; Babcock Ranch, FL; new development in Atlanta, GA; Celebration, FL

greenbelt

A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.

Slow-growth cities

urban communities where the planners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate at which the city grows horizontally to avoid the adverse effects of sprawl

annex

(v.) To add to, attach: to incorporate;(n.) An attachment or addition

exurbanism

counter-urbanization/de-urbanization: the flow of residents leaving cities

made possible by people being able to work remotely

census tract

contiguous geographic regions that function as the building blocks of a census; about the size of a city neighborhood

census block

may be very small in an urban area, sometimes consisting of a single city block (area bounded by 4 streets)

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.

Yuppies

Young urban professionals

squatter settlements/barriadas/shantytowns/favelas

Residential developments characterized by extreme poverty that usually exist on land just outside of cities that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants.

underclass

A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics.

culture of poverty

the assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics to their children

rent control

a price ceiling placed on apartment rent

inclusionary zoning

Specifies inclusions within a development, such as a playground or that a percentage of homes must be affordable for low-income families.

Scattered site

site in which public housing dwellings are dispersed throughout the city rather than clustered in a large project

food deserts

Areas where it is difficult to find affordable, healthy food options. More common in highly populated low-income urban neighborhoods where there are fewer grocery stores/transportation options to seek out other food choices. Contribute to obesity in these areas bc people resort to buying cheap, highly caloric foods

local food movement

collaborative effort to build more locally based, self-reliant food economies

deindustrialization

process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly ____________________ region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment

racial segregation in housing

when people live in separate neighborhoods based on their ethnicity or race

Blockbusting/racial steering

A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood

ghetto

A poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions

ethnic enclave/urban colonies

A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area

redlining

A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.

projects

public housing developments

gated communities

Restricted neighborhoods or subdivisions, often literally fenced in, where entry is limited to residents and their guests. Although predominantly high-income based, in North America gated communities are increasingly a middle-class phenomenon.

informal economy

the portion of the economy that is not taxed, managed, regulated by govt.

*Important + effective in slums and squatter settlements*

Shadow economy

the informal economy in more developed countries which concerns local governments due to the loss of revenue and lack of safety regulations
*10% of US economy*

urban redevelopment

the process of renovating an area of a city, often by completely destroying dilapidated structures and rebuilding on the site

eminent domain

the right of a government or its agent to expropriate private property for public use, with payment of compensation.

urban canyons

Streets lined with tall buildings can channel and intensify wind. They also prevent natural sunlight form reaching the ground.

urban heat island

Is a metropolitan area which is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas.

urban wildlife

Rats, raccoons, and pigeons can thrive in cities, but they can spread diseases and be a nuisance to people.

rush hour

The four consecutive 15-minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic.

urban infill

the process of building up underused lands within a city

gentrification

The rehabilitation of deteriorated, often abandoned, housing of low-income inner-city residents.

pros of gentrification

• new investment in building and infrastructure
• increased economic activity in certain neighborhoods
• improved streets and parks

cons of gentrification

• industrial activities that employ local workers may be viewed as a nuisance or environmental hazard by new arrivals
• established residents find themselves economically and socially marginalized
• minority residents are displaced by skyrocketing rents and economic change

suburbs

Residential areas surrounding a city. Shops and businesses moved to suburbia as well as people.

Built Landscape

the part of the physical landscape that represents material culture; the buildings, roads, bridges, and similar structures large and small of the cultural landscape.

Suburbanization

The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe.

Causes of Suburbanization

Economic expansion

Greater purchasing power for many families (GI Bill of Rights)

The growth of a car-centered lifestyle

Government constructing highways

Racial tensions

Prefabricated houses

galactic city model

represents the post-industrial city with its several, dispersed business districts. This model represents a distinct decentralization of the commercial urban landscape as the economy has transitioned to services as the leading form of production. Manufacturing has declined significantly and become specialized.

sustainable urban design

-mixed density
-green space conservation
-transportation
-energy, water, waste
-social sensibility
-green buildings

edge city

A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.

Central Business District (CBD)

The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered.

traditional zoning

This refers to setting aside buildings for specific uses. It is done by local governments, and allows for one building to be zoned as either residential, commercial, or industrial.