INTRO TO CVS - COMMON CARDIAC PATHOLOGY

THERE ARE ___ CLASSIFICATIONS OF CARDIAC PATHOLOGY

6

WHAT ARE THE 6 DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATIONS OF CARDIAC PATHOLOGY?

1. Valvular

2. Congenital

3. Ischemic

4. Cardiomyopathy

5. Masses

6. Thrombus

ONE OF THE KINDS OF VALVULAR DISEASE IS VALVULAR ________

STENOSIS

VALVULAR STENOSIS MAY BE DUE TO WHAT 3 THINGS?

1. Congenital abnormality

2. Post-inflammatory changes

3. Age related calcification

WITH VALVULAR STENOSIS, AS THE VALVE OPENING AREA _________, THE VELOCITY AND PRESSURE GRADIENT ACROSS THE VALVE INCREASES

DECREASES

WITH VALVULAR STENOSIS, AS THE VALVE OPENING AREA DECREASES, THE VELOCITY AND PRESSURE GRADIENT ACROSS THE VALVE _________

INCREASES

WITH VALVULAR STENOSIS, AS THE VALVE OPENING AREA DECREASES, THE_______ AND _____________ ACROSS THE VALVE INCREASES

VELOCITY, PRESSURE GRADIENT

VALVULAR STENOSIS LEADS TO A ______________ WITHIN THE CHAMBER BEFORE THE AFFECTED STENOTIC VALVE

PRESSURE OVERLOAD

___ DEGREE (SECONDARY) CHANGES RESULT FROM THE PRESSURE OVERLOAD CAUSED BY VALVULAR STENOSIS

2

2 DEGREE (SECONDARY) CHANGES RESULT FROM THE PRESSURE OVERLOAD CAUSED BY VALVULAR STENOSIS.

ATRIAL PRESSURE OVERLOAD CAUSES __________ OF THE AFFECTED ATRIUM

DILATION

_______ PRESSURE OVERLOAD CAUSES DILATION OF THE AFFECTED ______

ATRIAL, ATRIUM

2 DEGREE (SECONDARY) CHANGES RESULT FROM THE PRESSURE OVERLOAD CAUSED BY VALVULAR STENOSIS.

VENTRICULAR PRESSURE OVERLOAD CAUSES _______ OF THE AFFECTED VENTRICLE

HYPERTROPHY

_______ PRESSURE OVERLOAD CAUSES HYPERTROPHY OF THE AFFECTED _______

VENTRICULAR, VENTRICLE

VENTRICULAR PRESSURE OVERLOAD LEADS TO?

HYPERTROPHY OF THE AFFECTED VENTRICLE

ATRIAL PRESSURE OVERLOAD LEADS TO?

DILATION OF THE AFFECTED ATRIUM

HYPERTROPHY IS THE _______ OF THE HEART MUSCLE WALL

THICKENING

REGURGITATION IS AKA?

INSUFFICIENCY

__________ IN THE HEART IS WHEN BLOOD LEAKS/FLOWS BACKWARDS THROUGH A VALVE DUE TO NOT CLOSING ALL THE WAY/BEING FAULTY

REGURGITAITON

__________ IS DUE TO CONGENITAL OR ACQUIRED ABNORMALITIES OF THE LEAFLETS OR ABNORMALITIES OF ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES

REGURGITATION

REGURGITATION IS DUE TO CONGENITAL OR ACQUIRED ABNORMALITIES OF THE LEAFLETS OR ABNORMALITIES OF ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES LIKE THE ____________ AND ______________

AORTIC ROOT, LEFT VENTRICLE

____________ CAN ALSO BE CAUSED BY ABNORMALITIES OF ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES LIKE A DILATED AORTIC ROOT OR A DILATED LEFT VENTRICLE

REGURGITATION

REGURGITATION CAN ALSO BE CAUSED BY ABNORMALITIES OF ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES LIKE A _________ AORTIC ROOT OR A ________ LEFT VENTRICLE

DILATED, DILATED

A BICUSPID AORTIC VALVE IS THE MOST COMMON ________ CARDIAC PATHOLOGY

CONGENTIAL

A __________________ IS THE MOST COMMON KIND OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

BICUSPID AORTIC VALVE

ASD STANDS FOR?

ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT

ASD IS A KIND OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE THAT CREATES A ________ TO _______ SHUNT

LEFT, RIGHT

_____ IS A KIND OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE THAT CREATES A LEFT TO RIGHT SHUNT, LETTING OXYGENATED BLOOD FROM THE LA LEAK INTO THE RA

ASD

THERE ARE ___ TYPES OF ASD

3

___________ IS THE MOST COMMON OF THE 3 TYPES OF ASD

SECUNDUM

What is a congenital secundum ASD?

A hole in the central part of the interatrial septum that the person is born with.

SECUNDUM ASD IS LOCATED WITHIN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE?

INTERATRIAL SEPTUM

___________ ASD IS LOCATED WITHIN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE INTERATRIAL SEPTUM

SECUNDUM

VSD STANDS FOR?

VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT

THERE ARE ____ TYPES OF VSD

4

______________ IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF VSD

PERIMEMBRANOUS

THERE ARE ___ TYPES OF ASD AND ___ TYPES OF VSD

3, 4

PERIMEMBRANOUS IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF?

VSD

PERIMEMBRANOUS VSD IS LOCATED ______________ TO THE AORTIC VALVE AND ____________ TO THE SEPTAL LEAFLET OF THE TRICUSPID VALVE

INFEROMEDIAL, LATERAL

PERIMEMBRANOUS VSD IS LOCATED INFEROMEDIAL TO THE ____________ VALVE AND LATERAL TO THE __________ LEAFLET OF THE __________ VALVE

AORTIC, SEPTAL, TRICUSPID

ISCHEMIA IS WHEN A PART OF THE BODY LIKE THE HEART DOESN'T GET ENOUGH _________ AND _________

BLOOD, OXYGEN

_________ IS WHEN A PART OF THE BODY LIKE THE HEART DOESN'T GET ENOUGH BLOOD AND OXYGEN

ISCHEMIA

ISCH =

EMIA =

= TO HOLD BACK/LACKING

= BLOOD

IF BLOOD FLOW IN THE CORONARY ARTERIES IS REDUCED OR CUT OFF, PART OF THE HEART BECOMES __________

ISCHEMIC (LACKING BLOOD)

Ischemic disease causes _______________ that correspond to ____________________.

segmental wall motion abnormalities (SWMAs), coronary artery supply

__________ disease causes segmental wall motion abnormalities that correspond to coronary artery supply

ISCHEMIC

_____ ________ IS ASSESSED THROUGH MULTIPLE SCAN PLANES

WALL MOTION

WALL MOTION IS ASSESSED THROUGH _______ SCAN PLANE(S)

MULTIPLE

WITH ISCHEMIC DISEASE, WALL MOTION MAY APPEAR _______ AT REST

NORMAL

WITH ISCHEMIC DISEASE, WALL MOTION MAY APPEAR _______ AT REST

NORMAL

__________ IN THE HEART IS USUALLY CAUSED BY THE BLOCKAGE OF THE CORONARY ARTERIES, OFTEN DUE TO ATHEROSCLEROSIS (PLAQUE) BUILDUP AND VARIES IN SEVERITY

ISCHEMIA

DURING _________ (LIKE FROM EXERCISING) THE HEART REQUIRES MORE OXYGEN AND BLOOD FLOW TO KEEP UP W/ THE INCREASED WORKLOAD

STRESS

WE NEED TO IMAGE THE HEART DURING ________ TO INDUCE SYMPTOMS, HENCE WHY WE DO STRESS ECHOES

ISCHEMIA

ISCHEMIC AREAS OF THE HEART WILL DEMONSTRATE ______ MOTION THAN USUAL

LESS

ISCHEMIC AREAS OF THE HEART WILL DEMONSTRATE LESS ________ THAN USUAL

MOTION

WE NEED TO IMAGE THE HEART DURING ISCHEMIA WHICH CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED BY DOING A STRESS ECHO BECAUSE THERE IS ______________ MYOCARDIUM OXYGEN DEMAND WITH EXERCISE OR MEDICATION

INCREASED

WE NEED TO IMAGE THE HEART DURING ISCHEMIA WHICH CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED BY DOING A STRESS ECHO BECAUSE THERE IS INCREASED _________________ OXYGEN DEMAND WITH EXERCISE OR MEDICATION

MYOCARDIUM

WE NEED TO IMAGE THE HEART DURING ISCHEMIA WHICH CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED BY DOING A STRESS ECHO BECAUSE THERE IS INCREASED MYOCARDIUM _____________ DEMAND WITH EXERCISE OR MEDICATION

OXYGEN

CARDIOMYOPATHY IS A _____ DEGREE DISEASE OF THE MYOCARDIUM

1

A 1 DEGREE DISEASE MEANS?

PRIMARY DISEASE

_________________ IS A 1 DEGREE (PRIMARY) DISEASE OF THE MYOCARDIUM

CARDIOMYOPATHY

CARDIOMYOPATHY IS A 1 DEGREE (PRIMARY) DISEASE OF THE?

MYOCARDIUM

THERE ARE ___ CATEGORIES OF CARDIOMYOPATHY

3

WHAT ARE THE 3 CATEGORIES OF CARDIOMYOPATHY?

1. DILATED

2. HYPERTROPHIC

3. RESTRICTIVE

_________ CARDIOMYOPATHY RESULTS IN 4 CHAMBER ENLARGEMENT WITH DECREASED FUNCTION OF BOTH VENTRICLES

DILATED

DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY RESULTS IN 4 CHAMBER ____________ WITH ___________ FUNCTION OF BOTH VENTRICLES

ENLARGEMENT, DECREASED

___________ CARDIOMYOPATHY LEADS TO REDUCED CARDIAC OUTPUT DUE TO POOR CONTRACTILITY OF THE LEFT VENTRICLE

DILATED

DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY LEADS TO _______ CARDIAC OUTPUT DUE

REDUCED, POOR

DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY LEADS TO REDUCED ___________________ DUE TO POOR CONTRACTILITY OF THE _____________________

CARDIAC OUTPUT, LEFT VENTRICLE

DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY RESULTS IN ____ __________ ENLARGEMENT WITH DECREASED FUNCTION OF BOTH ______________

4 CHAMBER, VENTRICLES

THERE ARE ______ CAUSES OF DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY

MANY

RECALL THE 4 THINGS ABOUT DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY

-4 chamber enlargement

-Decreased function of both ventricles

-Reduced cardiac output due to poor LV contractility

-Has many causes

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a type of cardiomyopathy where the heart muscle (usually the left ventricle) becomes?

ABNORMALLY THICK

_____________ CARDIOMYOPATHY IS A TYPE OF CARDIOMYOPATHY WHERE THE HEART MUSCLE (USUALLY OF THE LV) BECOMES ABNORMALLY THICK

HYPERTROPHIC

________________ CARDIOMYOPATHY IS AN INHERITED DISEASE WHERE PEOPLE ARE BORN WITH THE GENE THAT CAN CAUSE IT LATER IN LIFE

HYPERTROPHIC

HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY IS AN __________ DISEASE WHERE PEOPLE ARE BORN WITH THE GENE THAT CAN CAUSE IT LATER IN LIFE

INHERITED

AN __________ ____________ INHERITANCE PATTERN MEANS YOU ONLY NEED ONE COPY OF THE MUTATED GENE FROM ONE PARENT IN ORDER TO INHERIT THE CONDITION

AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT

HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY IS AN INHERITED DISEASE THAT FOLLOWS AN __________ __________ INHERITANCE PATTERN

AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT

SOMEONE WHO DEVELOPS HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY HAS AN __________ RISK OF SUDDEN DEATH

INCREASED

SOMEONE WHO DEVELOPS HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY HAS AN INCREASED RISK OF?

SUDDEN DEATH

______________ CARDIOMYOPATHY LEADS TO ASYMMETRICAL LEFT VENTRICLE WALL ENLARGEMENT

HYPERTROPHIC

SOMEONE WHO DEVELOPS _____________ CARDIOMYOPATHY HAS AN INCREASED RISK OF?

HYPERTROPHIC

HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY LEADS TO ____________ LEFT VENTRICLE WALL _____________

ASYMMETRICAL, ENLARGEMENT

THE HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY ASYMMETRICAL LEFT VENTRICLE WALL ENLARGEMENT RESULTS IN NORMAL __________ FUNCTION WITH IMPAIRED __________ FUNCTION

SYSTOLIC, DIASTOLIC

THE HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY ASYMMETRICAL LEFT VENTRICLE WALL ENLARGEMENT RESULTS IN ________ SYSTOLIC FUNCTION WITH _________ DIASTOLIC FUNCTION

NORMAL, IMPAIRED

_________ CARDIOMYOPATHY RESULTS IN A THICKENED BUT NON-DILATED LEFT VENTRICLE

RESTRICTIVE

RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY RESULTS IN A _____________ BUT ______ ______________ LEFT VENTRICLE

THICKENED, NON-DILATED

DUE TO THE STIFF/THICKENED LEFT VENTRICLE FROM RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY, THERE IS NORMAL SYSTOLIC BUT IMPAIRED DIASTOLIC FUNCTION IN THE HEART

NORMAL, IMPAIRED

DUE TO THE STIFF/THICKENED LEFT VENTRICLE FROM RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY, THERE IS NORMAL _________ BUT IMPAIRED __________ FUNCTION IN THE HEART

SYSTOLIC, DIASTOLIC

_____________ CARDIOMYOPATHY LEADS TO BILATERAL ATRIAL ENLARGEMENT

RESTRICTIVE

RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY LEADS TO _________ ATRIAL ENLARGEMENT

BILATERAL

RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY LEADS TO BILATERAL ________ ENLARGEMENT

ATRIAL

SECONDARY (2 DEGREE) CARDIAC MASSES ARE _____ COMMON THAN PRIMARY (1 DEGREE) CARDIAC MASSES

MORE

ARE PRIMARY OR SECOND DEGREE CARDIAC MASSES MORE COMMON IN THE HEART?

SECONDARY (2 DEGREE)

AROUND 75% OF HEART MASSES/TUMORS ARE __________

METASTATIC

AROUND _____% OF HEART MASSES/TUMORS ARE METASTATIC

75

METASTATIC CARDIAC MASSES ARE TUMORS/MASSES IN THE HEART THAT CAME FROM ANOTHER PART OF THE BODY/ORGAN

METASTATIC

AROUND 75% OF CARDIC MASSES ARE METASTATIC, MANY ARISE FROM THE _________, __________, AND ____________ SYSTEM

LUNGS, BREASTS, HEMATOLOGIC (BLOOD)

AROUND 75% OF CARDIAC MASSES ARE METASTATIC AND __________ FROM THE LUNGS, BREASTS, AND HEMATOLOGIC SYSTEM

ARISE/COME FROM

75% OF PRIMARY (1 DEGREE) MASSES WHICH START IN THE HEART ARE __________

BENIGN (NON CANCEROUS)

BENIGN =?

NON CANCEROUS