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History & Approaches; Research; Biopsychology; States of Consciousness (Sleep)
this group of researchers was interested in uncovering the basic units of the mind
structuralists
this type of psychology was born as William James argued that a focus on function was more important than structure, leading to the first applied psychologists
functionalism
psychologists adhering to these principles believe the whole is other than the sum of its parts and apply their work mainly to the study of perception
Gestalt psychologists
this approach focuses on conflicts in the unconscious mind as the cause of mental health issues
psychoanalytic
this type of psychologist would most likely observe how people behave after they’ve consumed alcohol, and would be unconcerned with what the person was thinking
behaviorist
this view focuses on heredity, the nervous system, and other physical processes as most responsible for our thoughts and behaviors
biological
a goal of therapy in this psychological approach is having clients successfully strive for growth and develop their own individual potentail
humanist
this approach focuses on thinking (cognition), perception, and internal mental processes to explain our thoughts and behaviors
cognitive
in Trait Theory, the acronym that will help you remember the fundamental personality dimensions of the Five Factor Theory
OCEAN
this approach says our cultures, our environments including the people in them, have the biggest impact on our thoughts and behavior
sociocultural
the founder of the psychodynamic/psychoanalytic theory and the treatment called psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
this founder of U.S. psychology believed that consciousness is a “stream of ideas” rather than elements that should be broken down into smaller parts
William James
this founder of psychology was the first to open a laboratory for studying human behavior and the first to call himself a “psychologist”
Wilhelm Wundt
founder of behaviorist psychology who argued that psychology was a science and should therefore only study observable
this person’s research may be most responsible for the use of animals in experimental research as it showed that discoveries about animal biology and behavior could be applied to humans
Charles Darwin
this degree is typically earned if study is continued for approximately 2 years after completing undergraduate studies
master’s degree
a psychologist who uses information learned through research to make an actual change in society
applied psychologist
this mental health professional completes medical school and is therefore a medical doctor
psychiatrist
this type of psychologist is most likely to help companies determine which questions to ask job candidates
industrial/organizational psychologist
degree needed in order to become licensed practicing psychologist in the state of Connecticut
doctorate degree (Ph. D)
the scientific study of human and animal thought and behavior
psychology
fake science, fake psychology
pseudopsychology
looking for evidence that confirms your own beliefs while ignoring evidence to the contrary
confirmation bias
psychological technique that asks people to look inside their minds and describe a sensory or perceptual experience
introspection
a psychiatrist is far more likely than a psychologist to use this type of treatment for mental health issues
medicine/drug therapy
this measurement shows the average distance between the scores and the mean
standard deviation
to study relationships, Dr. R observed and recorded patterns of behavior at recess - which research method would be used?
naturalistic observation
a researcher interested in proving a causal relationship between two variables would do an
experiment
a broadly stated testable explanation for a set of facts or observations is a
theory
which number is the median: 15, 17, 18, 20, 20
18
a researcher interested in investigating the attitudes or opinions of a large sample of people is most likely to use
a survey
non-experimental and quasi-experimental methods lack the _____ of experimental methods
controls
-.92 is a
strong negative correlation
correlation is _____ causation
NOT
a p value is a measure of
statistical significance
confounding variables distort results because they can be confused with the
independent variable
in a double-blind study
neither experimenter nor subject knows who gets the placebo
studying people’s political attitudes over the span of their life would most likely use
a longitudinal study
what does standard deviation represent in a set of data
the average distance of a set of scores from the mean
in an experiment to study effectiveness of a new drug, research participants who receive a placebo are in
the control group
which of the following is a primary limitation of psychological research conducted in laboratory environments
laboratories are artificial environments, behavior is not always generalizable
the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution is the
range
correlational research is most useful for purposes of
prediction
if college graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, then the variables are
positively correlated
what is the primary limitation of the case study research method
individual cases can be misleading
which of the following defines ethical principles that should guide human experimentation
informed consent, protection, confidentiality, debriefing
a specification of how a researcher measures a research variable is known as
operational definition
if a result is statistically significant, this means that
there is <5% likelihood that the results occurred by chance
if the distribution of scores on our first test has an extremely small standard deviation, it indicates that
students’ scores tended to be very similar to each other
what technique do researchers use to reduce the impact of confounding variables
random assignment
a correlation coefficient is a measure of the
direction and strength of the relationship of 2 variables
a researcher who deceives participants about the goals needs to inform them later on. what ethical principle is this?
debriefing
you’re studying the effect of stress on athletic performance. which would NOT be a control
put those who are most stressed in the control group
ethical guidelines for experimentation set by the APA require that research participants
be debriefed after the research if it involves deception
subjects are randomly assigned to
the experimental group and the control group
the independent variable is
controlled by the researcher
the dependent variable is
the measured outcome of a study
do plants exposed to rock music grow faster? the measurement of the plants is the
dependent variable
all are measures of central tendency
mean, median, mode
a researcher believes stress causes students to miss school, based on this statement
be very careful about expectancy bias/confirmation bias
which is the weakest correlation? -.25, .75, -.75, .30
-.25
which measure of central tendency is most affected by extreme scores
mean
the most important thing about a sample is
it must be representative of the population
random assignment means
all subjects had equal chance of being in either group
operational definitions
define variables and allow for study replication
the value of the correlation coefficient reflects the
relationship between the variables
if a set of data has relatively high variability, it means that
scores in the data are spread relatively far from the mean
sales will increase if music is played in a department store. the amount of sales is
the dependent variable
in order to yield information that is generalizable to the population, a sample must be
representative of the population
random assignment means that
all participants have an equal chance of being in either group
providing each subject with information about the study prior to their participation is
informed consent
people with pets report higher levels of happiness. this is a
positive correlation
which is an indicator that a study is experimental
one group receives the IV, while the other does not
which of the following is true of a histogram
there is no space between the bars
if there is a possibility the results of an experiment were obtained by chance, you can say the results
were NOT statistically significant
if there is great variation in data, you would expect to see a graph that
was shorter and flatter
if a subject’s expectations about a treatment affects the outcome of a study, it is known as
the placebo effect
which of the following is an indicator that a study was experimental
random assignment took place
if test scores show low variability, it means
there was a smaller range
23 come from your biological mother and 23 come from your biological father
chromosomes
the proteins that make up our genes
DNA
internal and external physical traits
phenotype
gradual biological change and adaptation in response to the environment
evolution
unit of a chromosome
gene
these structures receive incoming neurotransmitters from the synapse and pass them on to the soma
dendrites
this structure keeps the neuron alive and determines if the action potential will be activated
soma
this insulates and protects the axon and helps the action potential move quickly and efficiently
myelin sheath
when the charge inside the neuron changes from negative to positive
action potential
neurotransmitters traverse this microscopic gap between neurons
synapse
chemicals in the nervous system that ferry messages across the synapse from one neuron to the next
neurotransmitters
process of absorption of the neurotransmitter into the terminal buttons of the sending (presynaptic) neuron
reuptake
this neurotransmitter is implicated in Alzheimer’s disease
acetylcholine
dendrites (dendritic spines) grow and make connections with other neurons after learning or practice takes place in this process
neuroplasticity
the type of communication in the nervous system
electrochemical communication
Phineas Gage taught us that our personalities reside largely in this lobe
frontal lobe
brain damage that leaves a person with an inability to produce speech (talk) has most likely affected this structure in the frontal lobe
Broca’s area
the motor cortex is located in this lobe
frontal lobe
damage to this lobe may cause visual impairment
occipital lobe
damage to this lobe may cause a loss of sensation in the hands or feet
parietal lobe
damage to this area may result in difficulty walking in a smooth and coordinated manner
cerebellum
Note
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