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Philosophy
The study of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, and the self.
Self
The individual's awareness of their own identity and existence.
Identity
The qualities, beliefs, personality, looks, and expressions that make a person or group.
Socratic Method
A form of cooperative argumentative dialogue that stimulates critical thinking and illuminates ideas through questioning.
Dualism
The philosophical concept that the mind and body are distinct and separable.
Theory of Forms
Plato's idea that non-material abstract forms (or ideas) represent the most accurate reality.
Tabula Rasa
John Locke's theory that individuals are born without built-in mental content and that knowledge comes from experience and perception.
Empiricism
The theory that all knowledge is derived from sense experience.
Bundle Theory
David Hume's concept that the self is a collection of perceptions and experiences rather than a singular entity.
Transcendental
Relating to a spiritual realm beyond the physical world.
Psychoanalysis
A method of treating mental illness through dialogue and the exploration of the unconscious mind, developed by Sigmund Freud.
Eliminative Materialism
Paul Churchland's view that common-sense understanding of the mind is false and that mental states do not exist as traditionally conceived.
Embodied Subjectivity
Maurice Merleau-Ponty's idea that the body is integral to the experience of self and knowledge of the world.
Critical Thinking
The ability to analyze and evaluate an issue in order to form a judgment.
Self-Knowledge
Awareness of one's own character, feelings, motives, and desires.
Virtue
Moral excellence and righteousness, necessary for achieving happiness according to Socrates.
Inner and Outer Self
The distinction between one's internal thoughts and feelings versus their external actions and perceptions.
Consciousness
The state of being aware of and able to think about one's own existence, thoughts, and surroundings.